Niclosamide (NIC), an anthelmintic drug, has garnered recent attention for its potential as an antiviral, antibacterial, and chemotherapeutic agent, among other applications. Repurposing NIC presents a current trend, offering significant time and cost savings compared to developing entirely new therapeutic chemical entities. However, its drawback lies in poor solubility, resulting in notably low oral bioavailability. This review consolidates efforts to overcome this limitation by summarizing twelve categories of formulations, spanning derivatives, amorphous solid dispersions, co-crystals, nanocrystals, micelles, nanohybrids, lipid nanoparticles and emulsions, cyclodextrins, polymeric nanoparticles, dry powders for inhalation, 3D printlets, and nanofibers. These formulations cover oral, injectable, inhalable and potentially (trans)dermal routes of administration. Additionally, we present a comprehensive overview of NIC characteristics, including physico-chemical properties, metabolism, safety, and pharmacokinetics. Moreover, we identify gaps in formulation and administration pathways that warrant further investigation to address NIC poor bioavailability.

The shells of dead Pinna nobilis individuals are important habitats in sedimentary coastal ecosystems, yet their ecological role is poorly understood. This study investigated macrofaunal communities associated with 80 P. nobilis shells from Soline Bay and Valovine Bay, northern Adriatic, analyzing variations in species abundance and biodiversity between shell orientations (vertical and horizontal) and across seasons. Shell dimensions were recorded, with larger shells and higher faunal abundance observed in Soline Bay compared to Valovine Bay. A total of 2225 individuals representing 183 species across 19 taxonomic groups were identified, with Malacostraca, Bivalvia, and Polychaeta being the most abundant. Vertically positioned shells hosted significantly more organisms than horizontally positioned ones, likely due to greater available surface area for settlement. Seasonal changes influenced organism abundance, with peaks in winter for Valovine Bay and spring for Soline Bay, correlating with environmental factors such as eutrophication. The most frequent species associated with the shells of dead individuals were the polychaete Sabella spallanzanii and the bivalve Rocellaria dubia, which can impact shell degradation. Despite their temporary nature, the shells of dead P. nobilis provide vital refuge and enhance biodiversity. The findings underscore the ecological importance of P. nobilis shells as biodiversity hotspots and highlight the need for their conservation and further study.

Oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus ) is recognized as a functional food due to its bioactive compounds content which have therapeutic potential, particularly in metabolic disorder management. This study aims to explore the bioactive profile of oyster mushroom flour (OMF) using a multi-omics approach to evaluate its antioxidant, antiobesity, and antidiabetic properties. A comprehensive multi-omics approach has been employed, integrating metabolomics and proteomics profiling using LC-HRMS and Orbitrap mass spectrometry. In vitro assays assessed antioxidant capacity through ABTS and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, antiobesity potential via lipase inhibition and 3T3-L1 adipocyte assays, and antidiabetic effects via α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition tests. In silico analysis further mapped molecular interactions and pathways. Metabolomic profiling identified 376 unique compounds and 13 peptides, including antioxidants, and enzyme inhibitors, contributing to antiobesity and antidiabetic effects. Proteomic analysis revealed peptides targeting metabolic pathways associated with oxidative stress and glucose regulation. γ-tocotrienol, estriol, kynurenic acid, and palmitoylcarnitine exhibited strong binding affinities with key metabolic targets, suggesting their potential as natural inhibitors for diabetes and obesity management. In vitro assays confirmed the oyster mushroom radical scavenging activity, lipase inhibition, and enzymatic modulation capabilities, with strong support from in silico analyses mapping molecular targets and pathways. These findings suggest P. ostreatus as a natural resource for managing metabolic disorders and developing evidence-based functional foods. This research bridges the gap between compound discovery and therapeutic application, paving the way for its broader utilization in nutraceuticals and precision nutrition strategies.