The effectiveness of herbal medicine in treating diabetes has grown in recent years, but the precise mechanism by which it does so is still unclear to both medical professionals and diabetics. In traditional Chinese medicine, mulberry leaf is used to treat inflammation, colds, and antiviral illnesses. Mulberry leaves are one of the herbs with many medicinal applications, and as mulberry leaf study grows, there is mounting evidence that these leaves also have potent anti-diabetic properties. The direct role of mulberry leaf as a natural remedy in the treatment of diabetes has been proven in several studies and clinical trials. However, because mulberry leaf is a more potent remedy for diabetes, a deeper understanding of how it works is required. The bioactive compounds flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, polyphenols, volatile oils, sterols, amino acids, and a variety of inorganic trace elements and vitamins, among others, have been found to be abundant in mulberry leaves. Among these compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and polyphenols have a stronger link to diabetes. Of course, trace minerals and vitamins also contribute to blood sugar regulation. Inhibiting alpha glucosidase activity in the intestine, regulating lipid metabolism in the body, protecting pancreatic -cells, lowering insulin resistance, accelerating glucose uptake by target tissues, and improving oxidative stress levels in the body are some of the main therapeutic properties mentioned above. These mechanisms can effectively regulate blood glucose levels. The therapeutic effects of the bioactive compounds found in mulberry leaves on diabetes mellitus and their associated molecular mechanisms are the main topics of this paper’s overview of the state of the art in mulberry leaf research for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Introduction. Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a common clinical cardiovascular disease, and its morbidity and mortality rates are increasing, which brings a serious burden to the family and society. Dyslipidemia is one of the most important risk factors for CHD. However, it is difficult to reduce blood lipids to an ideal state with the administration of a statin alone. Tongxinluo capsule (TXLC), as a Chinese patent medicine, has received extensive attention in the treatment of CHD in recent years. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to provide evidence-based medicine for TXLC combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of CHD. Objective. To evaluate systematically the effectiveness and safety of TXLC combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of CHD. Methods. Seven English and Chinese electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, VIP, CBM, and Wanfang) were searched from inception to January 2020, to search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on TXLC combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of CHD. Two researchers independently screened the literature according to the literature inclusion and exclusion criteria and performed quality assessment and data extraction on the included RCTs. We performed a systematic review following Cochrane Collaboration Handbook and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and using a measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews (AMSTAR 2). The quality of outcomes was evaluated by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). And meta-analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.2. Results. A total of 15 RCTs with 1,578 participants were included in this review. Compared to atorvastatin treatment, TXLC combined with atorvastatin treatment showed potent efficacy when it came to the effectiveness of clinical treatment (RR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.18, 1.29; $P<0.00001$ ), total cholesterol (TC; MD = −1.21; 95% CI, −1.53, −0.89; $P<0.00001$ ), triacylglycerol (TG; MD = −0.73; 95% CI, −0.81, −0.65; $P<0.00001$ ), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C; MD = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.23, 0.31; $P<0.00001$ ), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; MD = –0.72; 95% CI, –0.80, −0.64; $P<0.00001$ ), C-reactive protein (CRP; SMD = −2.06; 95% CI, −2.56, −1.57; $P<0.00001$ ), frequency of angina pectoris (SMD = −1.41; 95% CI, −1.97, −0.85; $P<0.00001$ ), duration of angina pectoris (MD = −2.30; 95% CI, −3.39, −1.21; $P<0.0001$ ), and adverse reactions (RR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.51, 1.39; $P=0.50$ ). No serious adverse events or reactions were mentioned in these RCTs. According to the PRISMA guidelines, although all studies were not fully reported in accordance with the checklist item, the reported items exceeded 80% of all items. With the AMSTAR 2 standard, the methodological quality assessment found that 9 studies were rated low quality and 6 studies were rated critically low quality. Based on the results of the systematic review, the GRADE system recommended ranking method was used to evaluate the quality of evidence and the recommendation level. The results showed that the level of evidence was low, and the recommendation intensity was a weak recommendation. Conclusions. TXLC combined with atorvastatin in the treatment of CHD can effectively improve the effectiveness of clinical treatment, significantly reduce the frequency and duration of angina pectoris, decrease blood lipids, and improve inflammatory factors. However, due to the low quality of the literature included in these studies and the variability of the evaluation methods of each study, there is still a need for a more high-quality, large sample, multicenter clinical randomized control for further demonstration.

Objective. To systematically evaluate the clinical efficacy of Xueshuantong injection (Panax notoginseng saponins) in preventing deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of lower extremity after orthopedic surgery. Methods. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of Xueshuantong injection in prevention of lower extremity DVT after orthopedic surgery were retrieved from CNKI, Wanfang database, VIP, PubMed, and Cochrane Library by August 2020. Revman5.2 was used to analyze the results. Results. A total of 20 articles including 2336 patients were included. The results of meta‐analysis showed that the incidence of DVT in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group; after operation, the D‐dimer (Ddimer), thrombin time (APTT), and prothrombin time (PT) in the experimental group were significantly improved compared with those in the control group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant. Conclusion. Xueshuantong injection can effectively prevent the formation of lower extremity DVT after orthopedic surgery and antagonize the postoperative hypercoagulable state of blood, which has high clinical value.

Hyperlipidemia (HLP) presents a significant challenge to global public health. Mounting evidence suggests that statins, the recommended first-line lipid-lowering agents, have significant adverse effects. Consequently, the quest for natural and efficacious alternative therapies is steadily emerging as a research priority for HLP prevention and treatment. Consumption of tea, which is rich in diverse biologically active compounds with the capacity to regulate lipid metabolism and combat obesity, has emerged as a promising alternative therapy. Sea buckthorn leaves are rich in a multitude of biologically active substances, have a hypolipidemic effect, and can be used as a raw material for tea because of their unique flavor. There is a suggestion that combining Aspergillus cristatus with tea could modify or boost the lipid-lowering active compounds present in tea, thereby increasing its efficacy in regulating lipid metabolism. Sea Buckthorn Leaf Fu Tea (SBLFT) was obtained by fermentation when sea buckthorn leaves contained 42 % moisture, inoculated with Aspergillus cristatus 0.2 mL/g, and incubated for 8 d at constant temperature. Animal experiments demonstrated that SBLFT significantly inhibited body weight gain in HLP rats and reduced lipid content and serum oxidative stress. In addition, liver tissue sections and functional indices showed that SBLFT can improve liver morphology and function abnormalities. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results indicated that the expression of Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), adenosine 5‘-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1), and sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP1c) gene related to lipid metabolism was altered. SBLFT improved HLP, specifically via promoting the expression of LKB1 in the liver of HLP rats, activating AMPK, and inhibiting ACC1 and SREBP1c expression, resulting in the inhibition of fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis-related enzymes at the transcriptional level.

Patients received kidney transplantation (KTR) have a low seroconversion rate after vaccination. Our objective was to compare the seroconversion rates and adverse effects of additional different vaccinations in KTR patients in existing studies. Databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov and others. Three high-quality RCT were included and showed no statistical difference in seroconversion rates between the two vaccines (RR = 0.93[0.76,1.13]). There was no statistical difference in seroconversion rates between the sexes, for men (RR = 0.93[0.69,1.25]) and women (RR = 0.91[0.62,1.33]). Among the adverse effects there was no statistically significant difference in fever (RR = 1.06[0.44,2.57]), while for injection site pain there was a statistically significant difference (RR = 1.14[1.18,1.84]). There was no significant difference in seroconversion rates in patients with KTR who received the two additional vaccines. Patients injected with the viral vector vaccine were less painful than those injected with the mRNA vaccine.

This paper studies the existence and multiplicity of periodic orbits of a stage-structured predator-prey model with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response. We derive an existence criterion of periodic orbit in terms of inequalities of system's nine parameters and prove that the system admits at least two limit cycles or three limit cycles via subcritical Hopf bifurcation or generalized Hopf bifurcation theory and hypersurface theory. We also prove that each one-parameter system possesses at least one limit cycle when it is larger or smaller than its Hopf bifurcating value, or between its Hopf bifurcating values. Combining theoretic analysis and numerical simulations, we investigate global bifurcations of limit cycles for a varying parameter system, which provides a plenty of bifurcating properties and again suggests that the system has at least three limit cycles. Similar results are obtained for the system without mutual interference.