A novel ceramide compound, named Aspercerebroside A (AcA), was successfully isolated from the ethyl acetate layer of the marine symbiotic fungus Aspergillus sp. AcA exhibited notable anti-inflammatory activity by effectively inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations of 30 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL, offering a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. To optimize the yield of glycosylceramide (AcA), a series of techniques, including single-factor experiments, orthogonal experiments, and response surface optimization, were systematically employed to fine-tune the composition of the fermentation medium. Initially, the optimal carbon source (sucrose), nitrogen source (yeast extract powder), and the most suitable medium salinity (14 ppt) were identified through single-factor experiments. Subsequently, orthogonal experiments, employing an orthogonal table for planning and analyzing multifactor experiments, were conducted. Finally, a mathematical model, established using a Box–Behnken design, comprehensively analyzed the interactions between the various factors to determine the optimal composition of the fermentation medium. According to the model’s prediction, when the sucrose concentration was set at 37.47 g/L, yeast extract powder concentration at 19.66 g/L, and medium salinity at 13.31 ppt, the predicted concentration of glycosylceramide was 171.084 μg/mL. The experimental results confirmed the model’s accuracy, with the actual average concentration of glycosylceramide under these conditions measured at 171.670 μg/mL, aligning closely with the predicted value.

Serratia marcescens is a common Gram-negative and facultative anaerobic bacillus that produces serratiochelins with several bioactivities. In this study, four catechol siderphores (1–4), including two new ones named serratiochelins E (1) and F (2), were obtained from the fermentation of a mangrove-derived bacterium, S. marcescens F2-2. The structures were elucidated with various spectroscopic methods such as NMR and HR-ESI-MS. Absolute and geometric configurations of the new compounds were established by employing quantum NMR calculations in conjunction with DP4+ probability analysis, ECD calculations, and the advanced Marfey’s method. The bioactivity test showed that serratiochelin B (3) displayed weak but selective cytotoxicity against HepG2 cancer cells with an IC₅₀ of 50.6 μmol/L and could trigger apoptosis through both Bcl-2/Bax/caspase-3 and Fas/FasL/caspase-8 signaling pathways. These findings deepen the understanding of siderophores of S. marcescens and provide a lead for research on anti-liver cancer drugs.

Aspergillus oryzae is a key microorganism in the production of various traditional food products, including rice wine, soy sauce, and baijiu. In this study, we identified and quantified ergosta‐4,6,8 (14), 22‐tetraen‐3‐one (ETO), a bioactive compound derived from A. oryzae , using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Our results confirmed that ETO is one of the major components produced by A. oryzae . Bioactivity assays of the crude extract revealed that ETO exhibits significant anti‐inflammatory properties. To enhance ETO production, we optimized the fermentation medium. Single‐factor experiments identified glycerol and N‐acetylglucosamine as the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. An orthogonal experimental design was then employed to further refine the fermentation conditions, resulting in the determination of an optimal medium composition. The feasibility and effectiveness of this optimized fermentation process were validated, laying the groundwork for the industrial‐scale production of ETO. To elucidate the anti‐inflammatory mechanism underlying ETO's bioactivity, further investigations were performed in LPS‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The results demonstrated that ETO significantly reduced the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α, and suppressed the activation of the MyD88/NF‐κB/MAPK/NLRP3 signaling pathway, indicating its potential as a potent anti‐inflammatory agent. In conclusion, ETO is not only abundantly produced by A. oryzae , but also exhibits pronounced anti‐inflammatory activity, providing a promising foundation for its future development in anti‐inflammatory therapeutics.