Fusarium wilt, which affects common bean all across the world, is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Phaseoli (Fop). It is necessary to have functional genes in response to Fop infection because they might be used to manage disease. As a crucial regulator, TGA-binding transcription factor (TGA) is engaged in the defense mechanism of plants against pathogens. The role of TGA regulators in common bean in response to Fop infection, however, has not been documented. Hence, we performed genome-wide identified and characterized eight TGA genes in common bean. In this study, eight PvTGA genes were distributed on six chromosomes and classified into four subgroups. The PvTGA genes have the same conserved bZIP and DOG1 domains, but there are specific sequence structures in different PvTGAs. Phylogenetic and synteny analysis explained that PvTGA gene has a close genetic relationship with legume TGAs and that PvTGA03 and PvTGA05 may play an important role in evolution. Transcriptome data explained that expression levels of PvTGA genes showed diversity in different tissues. After Fop inoculation, the expression levels of PvTGA03 and PvTGA07 were significantly different between resistant and susceptible genotypes. Under SA treatment, the expression levels of PvTGA03, PvTGA04, PvTGA06, PvTGA07 and PvTGA08 were significantly different. These results imply that PvTGA03 and PvTGA07 play key roles in SA-mediated resistance to Fusarium wilt. Together, these findings advance knowledge of the PvTGA gene family in common bean and will help future studies aimed at reducing Fusarium wilt.

Introduction: The TGA transcription factors, plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression. In cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea), which faces abiotic stress challenges, understanding the role of TGAs is important.Methods: In this study, we conducted a comprehensive in analysis of the TGA gene family in peanut to elucidate their regulatory mechanisms and expression patterns under abiotic stress and hormone treatments. Furthermore, functional studies on the representative AhTGA gene in peanut cultivars were conducted using transgenic Arabidopsis and soybean hair roots.Results: The genome-wide analysis revealed that a total of 20 AhTGA genes were identified and classified into five subfamilies. Collinearity analysis revealed that AhTGA genes lack tandem duplication, and their amplification in the cultivated peanut genome primarily relies on the whole-genome duplication of the diploid wild peanut to form tetraploid cultivated peanut, as well as segment duplication between the A and B subgenomes. Promoter and Protein-protein interaction analysis identified a wide range of cis-acting elements and potential interacting proteins associated with growth and development, hormones, and stress responses. Expression patterns of AhTGA genes in different tissues, under abiotic stress conditions for low temperature and drought, and in response to hormonal stimuli revealed that seven AhTGA genes from groups I (AhTGA04, AhTGA14 and AhTGA20) and II (AhTGA07, AhTGA11, AhTGA16 and AhTGA18) are involved in the response to abiotic stress and hormonal stimuli. The hormone treatment results indicate that these AhTGA genes primarily respond to the regulation of jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Overexpressing AhTGA11 in Arabidopsis enhances resistance to cold and drought stress by increasing antioxidant activities and altering endogenous hormone levels, particularly ABA, SA and JA.Discussion: The AhTGA genes plays a crucial role in hormone regulation and stress response during peanut growth and development. The findings provide insights into peanut's abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms and pave the way for future functional studies.

The wheat–soybean double-cropping system enables the continuous production of preceding and succeeding crops within the same growing season, providing an important approach for improving arable land-use efficiency, increasing output per unit area, and optimizing cropping structure. In Liaoning Province, where thermal resources and the frost-free period are relatively limited, this system places high requirements on the growth duration, yield stability, and succession compatibility of the preceding wheat crop with the succeeding soybean crop. To identify spring wheat cultivars suitable for this system, field trials were conducted from 2021 to 2023, using three representative ecological regions of Liaoning Province. Ten widely grown spring wheat cultivars were evaluated for major agronomic traits, grain quality, and disease resistance, and their stability and system adaptability were analyzed using a mixed linear model, GGE biplot analysis, and TOPSIS. The results showed clear differences among cultivars in growth duration, wheat yield, and succeeding soybean yield. Liaochun 33 and Liaochun 18 had relatively short growth durations of 78–84 days and 79–83 days, respectively, and showed favorable performance in wheat yield, succeeding soybean yield, and stability. Combined with grain quality, disease resistance, and TOPSIS-based comprehensive evaluation, Liaochun 33 showed the best overall performance, while Liaochun 18 also exhibited strong system adaptability. Overall, cultivar selection for the wheat–soybean double-cropping system in Liaoning Province should shift from single wheat-yield evaluation to overall system-benefit evaluation. Liaochun 33 and Liaochun 18 can be recommended as preferred spring wheat cultivars for this cropping system.

Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) is a globally important legume crop cultivated for food or feed. Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi ( Fop ), is a major constraint on pea production worldwide. Despite China being one of the leading pea producers, knowledge of pea Fusarium wilt and Fop remains relatively limited. In this study, samples of pea Fusarium wilt were collected from 10 provinces between 2015 and 2020 in China, and 79 pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates were obtained. Race identification using a standard differential set revealed that 49 isolates belonged to race 1, 5 to race 2, 16 to race 5, and 9 represented novel virulence types. Screening for 14 Secreted in Xylem ( SIX ) genes demonstrated that SIX14 was universally present, suggesting a potential role in pathogenicity, whereas other SIX genes occurred in variable combinations that were partially associated with race differentiation. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses based on five conserved loci resolved the isolates into nine phylogenetic lineages, including five corresponding to known species ( F. odoratissimum , F. cugenangense , F. curvatum , F. nirenbergiae , and F. fabacearum ) and four potentially novel species. Morphological observations of representative isolates further supported phylogenetic distinctions, although this subtle variation requires additional examination for formal species delimitation. Host range tests revealed that several pea-derived isolates also infected chickpea, lentil, mung bean, faba bean, and common bean, underscoring their broad pathogenic potential within legumes. This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of pea Fusarium wilt pathogens in China, integrating race structure, effector gene distribution, phylogenetic relationships, and host range. The findings highlight the complexity of Fop populations and provide a foundation for improved disease management and resistance breeding.