Although the physical consequences of dengue are well documented, delayed psychological co-morbidities are not well studied to date. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms among past dengue patients. A community-based, case–control study in a multi-ethnic urban setting was conducted in Sri Lanka involving adults who were diagnosed to have dengue fever by a positive dengue IgM antibody response between 6 and 24 months ago. Self-administered Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-20) and a structured clinical interview by a psychiatrist were done in the patients and in an age and gender-matched control group. Fifty-three participants each in the patient (mean age 42.9 years, SD 15.5) and control (mean age 41.6 years, SD 15.3) groups were surveyed. The ages ranged from 18 to 70 years and 64.2% were females. The majority (90.6%; n = 48) of the individuals had been diagnosed with dengue fever followed by dengue haemorrhagic fever (9.4% n = 5). Dengue patients had higher DASS-21 mean depressive scores (means 11.7/9.4, SD 6.4/4.0, t = 2.2, p = .028), anxiety scores (means 10.7/7.2, SD 6.8/1.8, t = 3.6, p = .0005), stress scores (means 12.0/8.8, SD 5.3/3.5, t = 3.6, p = .0004) and CESD-20 scores (means 16.1/11.7, SD 9.4/7.3, t = 2.6, p = .008) than controls. The DSM-5 depressive disorder was clinically detected by the psychiatrist among 15.1 and 7.5% in patient and control groups (OR 2.1; CI .5–7.7; p = .22). Limitations: a limitation is the small sample size. Patients with past dengue had significantly higher depressive, anxiety and stress symptoms than the control group according to the DASS-21 and CESD-20 tools. To our knowledge, this is the first report on delayed psychological morbidity related to dengue. This may warrant healthcare professionals to incorporate mental counselling for dengue patients.

The septum pellucidum is a thin translucent double-membrane structure located between the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles. This mini review explores the gross and radiological anatomy, variations, and clinical significance related to the septum pellucidum.The article elaborates on the different types of variations, including cavum septum pellucidum (CSP), cavum vergae (CV), and cavum veli interpositi (CVI). The CSP is a fluid-filled pocket located within the two leaflets of the SP. It forms during fetal development and gradually obliterates before birth. However, the fusion may be prolonged or persist into adulthood in some individuals. The CV is formed when the two commissural plates fail to fuse completely during foetal development. When associated with CSP, the CV is collectively known as the cavum septum pellucidum et vergae (CSPV). However, the isolated CV is rare. The CVI is a CSF-filled space between two tela choroidea layers and communicates with the quadrigeminal cistern, superior to the pineal gland.This article discusses the radiological features of these variations using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT). Ultrasonography is particularly useful for evaluating the SP in fetuses and infants, while MRI and CT scans provide detailed visualization of the SP and its variations. The SP has the potential to be associated with cerebral anomalies, hydrocephalus, mental disorders, and neurological symptoms. Knowing the related anatomy and detection of variations using imaging modalities are crucial for accurately diagnosing and managing these conditions.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in community and hospital settings. Infections of the urinary system can range from pyelonephritis to urethritis. Acute renal infections encompass entities such as acute pyelonephritis, acute focal bacterial nephritis, renal and perinephric abscesses, emphysematous pyelonephritis, and pyonephrosis, while xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition that affects the kidneys.The diagnosis of UTIs predominantly relies on clinical assessment and confirmation through abnormal laboratory results. Routine medical imaging is therefore typically reserved for complicated cases, aiming to identify contributing factors such as renal calculi, determine the type of infection, and evaluate the extent of the infection and its associated complications. Furthermore, imaging has become crucial for radiologists during interventional procedures in treating pyonephrosis and renal abscesses. Traditional imaging tools, like abdominal X-rays, are vital for identifying renal calculi and gas shadows in emphysematous pyelonephritis, while ultrasonography emerges as an excellent modality for assessing urinary infections in emergency scenarios, pregnancy, and paediatric cases. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) or non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is the imaging method of choice in the most complex situations, allowing for precise assessment of the disease burden. Current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences yield promising results in specific scenarios such as pregnancy and paediatric subjects where minimising radiation exposure is a concern. This review focuses on elucidating the essential radiological modalities and their distinctive features in the context of renal infections, offering valuable guidance to microbiologists and physicians.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections in community and hospital settings. Infections of the urinary system can range from pyelonephritis to urethritis. Acute renal infections encompass entities such as acute pyelonephritis, acute focal bacterial nephritis, renal and perinephric abscesses, emphysematous pyelonephritis, and pyonephrosis,while xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory condition that affects the kidneys. The diagnosis of UTIs predominantly relies on clinical assessment and confirmation through abnormal laboratory results. Therefore, routine medical imaging is typically reserved for complicated cases, aiming to identify contributing factors such as renal calculi, determine the type of infection, and evaluate the extent of the infection and its associated complications. Furthermore, imaging has become crucial for radiologists during interventional procedures in the treatment of pyonephrosis and renal abscesses. Traditional imaging tools, like abdominal X-rays, are vital for identifying renal calculi and gas shadows in emphysematous pyelonephritis, while ultrasonography emerges as an excellent modality for assessing urinary infections in emergency scenarios, pregnancy, and paediatric cases. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) or non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) is the imaging method of choice in the most complex situations, allowing for precise assessment of the disease burden. Current MRI sequences yield promising results in specific scenarios, such as pregnancy and paediatric subjects, where minimising radiation exposure is a concern. This article focuses on elucidating the essential radiological modalities and their distinctive features in the context of renal infections, offering valuable guidance to microbiologists and physicians.

Nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis are increasing in incidence and prevalence worldwide, which are significant clinical challenges in management. Radiological assessments are vital in early diagnosis and effective management to decrease morbidity and healthcare costs. This narrative review explores the role of various radiological investigations in nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis, focusing on their clinical implications and limitations. Plain X-ray of the kidney, ureter, and bladder (X-ray KUB) is a widely available, relatively inexpensive modality with limited sensitivity, mainly for smaller stones. However, it is most beneficial when assessing follow-up patients diagnosed with renal or ureteric calculi, but it is less effective in acute ureteric colic. Intravenous Urogram/Intravenous Pyelography (IVU/IVP) is an obsolete investigation and has largely been replaced by newer modalities due to numerous drawbacks. Ultrasonography (USG) is a widely available, relatively lowcost, non-invasive radiological modality without ionising radiation, considered first-line for children and pregnant patients. However, its sensitivity and specificity are traditionally lower than computed tomography and largely depend on the operator and patient factors. Computed tomography kidney, ureter, and bladder (CT-KUB) is the gold standard for diagnosing urolithiasis. It offers high sensitivity, specificity, and the ability to calculate the exact size and stone composition, but it comes with substantial radiation exposure. However, low-dose and ultralow-dose CT (LDCTKUB) protocols reduce radiation to the patient significantly, compromising image clarity. Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU) is a second-line investigation in obstructive uropathy, particularly in pregnancy and children. It provides vital anatomical and functional information without ionising radiation. Urology and radiology professionals should collaborate to identify individualised and optimal radiological investigations, considering the risks and benefits associated with each modality.

Intra-abdominal abscesses (IAA) may commonly arise following complicated gastrointestinal tract infections and, on occasion, from infections within the urinary system. Many of these IAA are initiated as a consequence of post-surgical complications. These abscesses have a substantial risk of morbidity and mortality. As a result, it is crucial to diagnose and treat them promptly to minimise these adverse outcomes. Therefore, radiological modalities play a vital role in diagnosing, localising, and detecting associated complications of IAA, as sometimes other investigations could be less reliable and non-specific. Radiological modalities are pivotal in achieving an accurate diagnosis, localising the abscesses, and identifying associated complications. This is especially important since alternative investigative methods may be misleading in certain situations. Radiological techniques such as ultrasound scans (USS), contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT), and even magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are immensely helpful in diagnosing these conditions. These imaging tools guide clinicians in determining the most appropriate patient management strategies. In this article, we compile a case series involving tubo-ovarian abscess, appendicular abscess, diverticular abscess and infected walled-off pancreatic necrosis, paying particular attention to radiological features in the diagnosis. Furthermore, we reviewed the existing literature to delineate characteristic radiological features related to the cases we discussed.