Recent concern over energy use in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has spurred research on enhancing efficiency and identifying energy-saving technologies. Treating one cubic meter of wastewater consumes at least 0.18 kWh of electricity. About 50% of the energy consumed during this process is attributed to aeration, which varies based on treatment quality and facility size. To harness energy savings in WWTPs, the transition from traditional controls to artificial intelligence (AI)-based strategies has been observed. Research in this area has demonstrated significant improvements to the efficiency of wastewater treatment. This contribution offers an extensive review of the literature from the past decade. It aims to contribute to the ongoing discourse on improving the efficiency and the sustainability of WWTPs. It covers conventional and advanced control strategies, with a particular emphasis on AI-based control utilizing algorithms such as neural networks and fuzzy logic. The review includes four key areas of wastewater treatment AI research as follows: parameter forecasting, performance analysis, modeling development, and process optimization. It also points out potential disadvantages of using AI controls in WWTPs as well as research gaps such as the limited translation of AI strategies from research to real-world implementation and the challenges associated with implementing AI models outside of simulation environments.

Natural Gas production and transportation are at risk of Gas hydrate plugging especially when in offshore environments where temperature is low and pressure is high. These plugs can eventually block the pipeline, increase back pressure, stop production and ultimately rupture gas pipelines. This study seeks to develops machine learning models after a kinetic inhibitor to predict the gas hydrate formation and pressure changes within the natural gas flow line. Green hydrate inhibitor A, B and C were obtained as plant extracts and applied in low dosages (0.01 wt.% to 0.1 wt.%) on a 12meter skid-mounted hydrate closed flow loop. From the data generated, the optimal dosages of inhibitor A, B and C were observed to be 0.02 wt.%, 0.06 wt.% and 0.1 wt.% respectively. The data associated with these optimal dosages were fed to a set of supervised machine learning algorithms (Extreme gradient boost, Gradient boost regressor and Linear regressor) and a deep learning algorithm (Artificial Neural Network). The output results from the set of supervised learning algorithms and Deep Learning algorithms were compared in terms of their accuracies in predicting the hydrate formation and the pressure within the natural gas flow line. All models had accuracies greater than 90%. This result show that the application Machine learning to solving flow assurance problems is viable. The results show that it is viable to apply machine learning algorithms to solve flow assurance problems, analyzing data and getting reports which can improve accuracy and speed of on-site decision making process.

Advancements in oil and gas production have led to the exploration and production of hydrocarbons in unstable regions including offshore (deep & ultra-deep) reservoirs. As production increases, flow assurance continues to be a prevalent problem in wells and flowlines. It is necessary to develop flow assurance analysis models for hydrate formation in gas pipelines. Analyses have shown the difference in thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors in the different hydrate phase systems (water, gas, oil). This study presents a data-driven gas hydrate diagnosis model for monitoring and risk evaluation in gas pipelines by performing, hydrate growth rate diagnosis for flow assurance in gas-dominated flow systems. Data used for learning was obtained from hydrate flow loop experiments performed under controlled gas-dominated flow conditions where thermodynamic conditions were obtained at each time step. Regression Algorithms were applied to develop a fit for a model to predict the hydrate risk level given thermodynamic conditions alongside the flow rate. The developed hydrate model was also applied to study the performance in flow operations. The ridge regression model showed the best performance among the models with a root mean squared error of 0.1682 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9595. The results obtained showed that the model can be deployed for use in a hydrate risk analysis endeavor, and the algorithm used in development can be further improved.