In this research work, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been used for the fabrication of microchannels for biomedical application. Under the internet of things (IoT)-based controlled environment, the authors have simulated and fabricated bio-endurable, biocompatible and bioengineered PDMS-based microchannels for varicose veins implantation exclusively to avoid tissue damaging. Five curved ascending curvilinear micro-channel (5CACMC) and five curved descending curvilinear micro-channels (5CDCMC) are simulated by MATLAB (The Math-Works, Natick, MA, USA) and ANSYS (ANSYS, The University of Lahore, Pakistan) with actual environments and confirmed experimentally. The total length of each channel is 1.6 cm. The diameter of both channels is 400 µm. In the ascending channel, the first to fifth curve cycles have the radii of 2.5 mm, 5 mm, 7.5 mm, 10 mm, and 2.5 mm respectively. In the descending channel, the first and second curve cycles have the radii of 12.5 mm and 10 mm respectively. The third to fifth cycles have the radii of 7.5 mm, 5 mm, and 2.5 mm respectively. For 5CACMC, at Reynolds number of 185, the values of the flow rates, velocities and pressure drops are 19.7 µLs⁻¹, 0.105 mm/s and 1.18 Pa for Fuzzy simulation, 19.3 µLs⁻¹, 0.1543 mm/s and 1.6 Pa for ANSYS simulation and 18.23 µLs⁻¹, 0.1332 mm/s and 1.5 Pa in the experiment. For 5CDCMC, at Reynolds number 143, the values of the flow rates, velocities and pressure drops are 15.4 µLs⁻¹, 0.1032 mm/s and 1.15 Pa for Fuzzy simulation, 15.0 µLs⁻¹, 0.120 mm/s and 1.22 Pa for ANSYS simulation and 14.08 µLs⁻¹, 0.105 mm/s and 1.18 Pa in the experiment. Both channels have three inputs and one output. In order to observe Dean Flow, Dean numbers are also calculated. Therefore, both PDMS channels can be implanted in place of varicose veins to have natural blood flow.

Approximately 26% of adult people, mostly females, are affected by varicose veins in old age. It is a common reason for distress, loss of efficiency, and worsening living conditions. Several traditional treatment techniques (sclerotherapy and foam sclerotherapy of large veins, laser surgeries and radiofrequency ablation, vein ligation and stripping, ambulatory phlebectomy, and endoscopic vein surgery) have failed to handle this disease effectively. Herein, authors have presented an alternative varicose vein implant method—the descending sinusoidal microchannel (DSMC). DSMC was simulated by Fuzzy logic MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and ANSYS (ANSYS 18.2, perpetual license purchased by Ibadat Education Trust, The University of Lahore, Pakistan) with real and actual conditions. After simulations of DSMC, fabrication and testing were performed. The silver DSMC was manufactured by utilizing a micromachining procedure. The length, width, and depth of the silver substrate were 51 mm, 25 mm, and 1.1 mm, respectively. The measurements of the DSMC channel in the silver wafer substrate were 0.9 mm in width and 0.9 mm in depth. The three descending curves of the DSMC were 7 mm, 6 mm, and 5 mm in height. For pressure, actual conditions were carefully taken as 1.0 kPa to 1.5 kPa for varicose veins. For velocity, actual conditions were carefully taken as 0.02 m/s to 0.07 m/s for these veins. These are real and standard values used in simulations and experiments. At Reynolds number 323, the flow rate and velocity were determined as 1001.0 (0.1 nL/s), 11.4 cm/s and 1015.3 (0.1 nL/s), 12.19 cm/s by MATLAB (The MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) and ANSYS simulations, respectively. The flow rate and velocity were determined to be 995.3 (0.1 nL/s) and 12.2 cm/s, respectively, at the same Reynolds number (323) in the experiment. Moreover, the Dean number was also calculated to observe Dean vortices. All simulated and experimental results were in close agreement. Consequently, DSMC can be implanted in varicose veins as a new treatment to preserve excellent blood flow in human legs from the original place to avoid tissue damage and other problems.

Bioengineered veins can benefit humans needing bypass surgery, dialysis, and now, in the treatment of varicose veins. The implant of this vein in varicose veins has significant advantages over the conventional treatment methods. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), vein patch repair, pulmonary embolus, and tissue-damaging problems can be solved with this implant. Here, the authors have proposed biomedical microdevices as an alternative for varicose veins. MATLAB and ANSYS Fluent have been used for simulations of blood flow for bioengineered veins. The silver based microchannel has been fabricated by using a micromachining process. The dimensions of the silver substrates are 51 mm, 25 mm, and 1.1 mm, in length, width, and depth respectively. The dimensions of microchannels grooved in the substrates are 0.9 mm in width and depth. The boundary conditions for pressure and velocity were considered, from 1.0 kPa to 1.50 kPa, and 0.02 m/s to 0.07 m/s, respectively. These are the actual values of pressure and velocity in varicose veins. The flow rate of 5.843 (0.1 nL/s) and velocity of 5.843 cm/s were determined at Reynolds number 164.88 in experimental testing. The graphs and results from simulations and experiments are in close agreement. These microchannels can be inserted into varicose veins as a replacement to maintain the excellent blood flow in human legs.

Purpose: The goal of this paper is to develop a pragmatic system of a production throughput forecasting system for an automated test operation in a hard drive manufacturing plant. The accurate forecasting result is necessary for the management team to response to any changes in the production processes and the resources allocations. Design/methodology/approach: In this study, we design a production throughput forecasting system in an automated test operation in hard drive manufacturing plant. In the proposed system, consists of three main stages. In the first stage, a mutual information method was adopted for selecting the relevant inputs into the forecasting model. In the second stage, a generalized regression neural network (GRNN) was implemented in the forecasting model development phase. Finally, forecasting accuracy was improved by searching the optimal smoothing parameter which selected from comparisons result among three optimization algorithms: particle swarm optimization (PSO), unrestricted search optimization (USO) and interval halving optimization (IHO). Findings: The experimental result shows that (1) the developed production throughput forecasting system using GRNN is able to provide forecasted results close to actual values, and to projected the future trends of production throughput in an automated hard disk drive test operation; (2) An IHO algorithm performed as superiority appropriate optimization method than the other two algorithms. (3) Compared with current forecasting system in manufacturing, the results show that the proposed system’s performance is superior to the current system in prediction accuracy and suitable for real-world application.Originality/value: The production throughput volume is a key performance index of hard disk drive manufacturing systems that need to be forecast. Because of the production throughput forecasting result is useful information for management team to respond to any changing in production processes and resources allocation. However, a practically forecasting system for production throughput has not been described in detail yet. The experiments were conducted on a real data set from the final testing operation of hard disk drive manufacturing factory by using Visual Basics Application on Microsoft Excel© to develop preliminary forecasting system on testing and verification process. The experimental result shows that the proposed model is superior to the performance of the current forecasting system.

Bioengineered veins can benefit humans needing bypass surgery, dialysis and now in the treatment of varicose veins. This paper presents MATLAB and ANSYS FLUENT simulation for the study of blood flow for bioengineered vein. The silver based microchannel has been fabricated by using micromachining process. The dimensions of silver substrate are 51 mm long, 25 mm wide and 1.1 mm in depth. The dimensions of microchannel grooved in the substrate are 1 mm in width and 1mm in depth. The three ascending curves of the microchannel are 5 mm, 6 mm and 7 mm in height respectively. The boundary conditions for pressure and velocity were considered from 1.0 kPa to 1.50 kPa and 0.02 m/s to 0.07 m/s. The flow rate and velocity were determined 5.11 (0.1 nL/s), 4.55 (cm/s) at Reynold number 160 and 6.0 (0.1 nL/s), 6.088 (cm/s) at Reynold number 161.33 by MATLAB and ANSYS simulations respectively. The flow rate and velocity were determined 5.843 (0.1 nL/s) and 5.843 cm/s at 164.88 Reynold number respectively in experimental testing. The graphs and results from simulations and experiment are in a close agreement. These microchannels can be inserted into varicose veins as an alternative to maintain the excellent blood flow in human legs.