Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an oilseed crop grown worldwide. Flavonoids have profound benefits for plant growth and development because of their powerful antioxidant properties. Seed vigor is an important indicator of seed quality. However, how flavonoids impact seed vigor formation in large-seed peanuts is still poorly understood. Here, we profiled flavonoids, phytohormones, and transcriptomes of developing seeds of large-seed peanut varieties with low (ZP06) and high (H8107) seed vigor. A total of 165 flavonoids were identified, 51 of which were differentially accumulated in ZP06 and H8107. Lower levels of dihydromyricetin (0.28 times) and hesperetin-7-O-glucoside (0.26 times) were observed in ZP06 seeds than in H8107. All flavonoid biosynthesis structural genes were down-regulated in ZP06. The different hormone levels found in ZP06 and H8107 seeds could be associated with the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes via MYB and bHLH transcription factors. Dihydromyricetin could relate to ZP06′s poor seed vigor by impacting its seed antioxidant properties. Thus, the presence of flavonoids in large-seed peanuts could contribute to their physiological quality and germination potential through controlling the accumulation of reactive oxygen species to improve seed antioxidant properties.

The Whirly (WHY) gene family, functioning as transcription factors, plays an essential role in the regulation of plant metabolic responses, which has been demonstrated across multiple species. However, the WHY gene family and its functions in soybean remains unclear. In this paper, we conducted genome-wide screening and identification to characterize the WHY gene family. Seven WHY members were identified and randomly distributed across six chromosomes. The phylogenetic evolutionary tree of WHY genes in soybean and other species was divided into five clades. An in-depth analysis revealed that segmental duplications significantly contributed to the expansion of GmWHYs, and the GmWHY gene members may have experienced evolutionary pressure for purifying selection in soybeans. The analysis of promoter Cis-elements in GmWHYs suggested their potential significance in addressing diverse stress conditions. The expression patterns of GmWHYs exhibited tissue-specific variations throughout the different stages of soybean development. Additionally, six GmWHY genes exhibited different responses to low phosphate stress. These findings will provide a theoretical basis and valuable reference for the future exploration of WHY gene function.

The Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH) superfamily comprises a group of NAD⁺ or NADP⁺-dependent enzymes that play essential roles in responding to abiotic stresses in plants. In Brassica napus L., however, the increasing frequency of extremely low temperatures during winter in recent years has significantly affected both yield and quality. This study conducted a genome-wide screening of ALDH superfamily genes, analyzing their gene structures, evolutionary relationships, protein physicochemical properties, and expression patterns under low-temperature stress to explore the function of the ALDH superfamily gene in cold tolerance in Brassica napus L. A total of six BnALDH genes with significant differences in expression levels were verified utilizing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), revealing that BnALDH11A2, BnALDH7B2, BnALDH3F5, BnALDH12A3, BnALDH2B6, and BnALDH7B3 all exhibited higher expression in cold-tolerant material 24W233 compared with cold-sensitive material 24W259. Additionally, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the BnALDH11A2 promoter region shows differences between the cold-tolerant (24W233) and the cold-sensitive (24W259) Brassica napus varieties, and it may be associated with the cold tolerance of these two varieties. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights into the role of ALDH family genes in low-temperature stress adaptation in Brassica napus and offers genetic resources for the development of novel cold-tolerant cultivars.

Saline-alkali stress and cold damage significantly impact the yield of Brassica napus. G proteins play a crucial role in plant resistance to abiotic stresses, and research on G proteins in Brassica napus (rapeseed) is still in its early stages. In this study, we employed bioinformatics tools to systematically investigate the basic physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, distribution, gene structure, cis-regulatory elements, and expansion patterns of the GS3 gene family in Brassica napus. Additionally, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to analyze the response of the BnGS3-3 gene to salt and low-temperature stresses. Natural variations were found in the promoter region of BnGS3-3. By conducting a promoter-driven luciferase (LUC) assay, the relationship between natural variations in the BnGS3-3 promoter and salt and cold tolerance was analyzed. Furthermore, the impact of these natural variations on flowering time, root length, and yield was explored using phenotypic data from a population. Our research results aim to provide insights into the function and molecular mechanisms of BnGS3-3 in Brassica napus, and to offer valuable genetic resources for molecular breeding to improve salt and low-temperature tolerance in Brassica napus.