The broad spectrum of interactions between autoimmune diseases and the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is not fully understood. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-ENA, anticardiolipin antibodies (ACL), and anti-beta-2 glycoprotein I antibodies (anti-β2GPI) before and after the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in a real-life setting in healthcare professionals. The identification of risk factors associated with vaccine immunogenicity was evaluated. The study group consisted of employees of two hospitals (354 individuals). Samples for antibody assays were collected before vaccination and at 7–9 months after complete immunisation. There was no significant increase in the prevalence of ANA, ACL or anti-β2GPI antibodies, or autoimmune diseases in subjects who were vaccinated 7–9 months after complete immunisation. In terms of detected anti-ENA, the anti-DFS70 antibodies were found in 6 times more subjects than before vaccination at the second blood draw (in 18 and 3 subjects, respectively) (p = 0.001). There were no significant relationships between a SARS-CoV-2 infection history, humoral response, cellular response, subject category, smoking, sex, body weight, ANA, anti-ENA, ACL, or anti-β2GPI. This study revealed a possible association between the severity of vaccine adverse events (VAEs) and ANA titre. Individuals with more severe VAEs (>10 points) after the second dose of the vaccine had significantly higher ANA titre after complete immunization. When analysing the significance of time between the ANA, anti-ENA, ACL, and anti- β2GPI assays and complete immunisation antibody values, no qualitative result was statistically significant. There was correlation between the time since complete immunization and ANA after.

Vaccination is the best way to limit the extent of the COVID pandemic. Knowledge of the duration of the immune response will allow the planning of a vaccination protocol. This study aims to validate the complete (humoral and cellular) immune responses over time in large population groups following the full vaccination of healthcare professionals in real-life conditions and to assess the relationship between antibody levels and T-cell activity in relation to the characteristics of the study group. The samples for the study were obtained from volunteers (staff of two hospitals) on three occasions: before vaccination, T0, then 4–9 weeks after full vaccination (two doses BNT162b2), T1, and 7–9 months after vaccination, T2. The humoral response was investigated by the titre of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies to S1 protein. Assays were performed three times at intervals. The cellular response was assessed in a subgroup of 189 subjects by QuanT-Cell SARS-CoV-2 (IGRA). The assay was performed once. A group of 344 subjects fully vaccinated with the BNT162b2 vaccine were included in the study. The humoral response was observed in 100% of subjects at both 4–7 weeks and 7–9 months, but antibody titres fell by almost 90% in this interval. The cellular response was observed in 94% (177/189) of subjects 7–9 months after the second dose of vaccine. In subjects with a negative cellular response, eight out of 12 smoked. A factor associated with greater immunogenicity of vaccination was past SARS-CoV-2 infection. The administration of full BNT162b2 vaccination (two doses) induces humoral and cellular responses detectable even more than six months after vaccination. Smoking may be a factor associated with impaired cellular response to vaccination.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are connective tissue autoimmune diseases. The present study aimed to check whether serum clusterin (CLU) concentration and its glycosylation pattern may be markers differentiating these diseases—blood sera of patients with PsA (n = 37), RA (n = 34), and healthy subjects (control, n = 21) were examined. CLU concentration was measured using the ELISA test. Glycosylation was analyzed using lectin-ELISA with sialo-specific lectins from Maackia amurensis (MAA) and Sambucus nigra (SNA) recognizing sialic acid (SA) α2,3- and α2,6-linked, respectively, and fucose-specific lectins from Lotus tetragonolobus (LTA), Ulex europaeus (UEA), and Lens culinaris (LCA) specific to fucose α1,3-linked, α1,2-linked, and core fucose, respectively. Significantly higher CLU concentrations were observed in the PsA than in the RA patients. The expression of α2,6-linked SA was significantly higher in the PsA and RA patients than in the control. The expression of SNA-reactive SA was visibly higher in the PsA compared to the RA and control group but insignificant. Negative significant correlations between CLU concentrations and its glycans reactivity with LTA and UEA were also observed. Significantly higher serum CLU concentration, accompanied by a high expression of SNA-reactive SA and a reduced degree of Lewis^x and Lewis^y antennary fucosylation, may constitute a promising panel of parameters differentiating PsA from RA.