Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are a group of cancers that originate in the lymphatic system, especially from progenitor or mature B-cells, T-cells, or natural killer (NK) cells. NHL is the most common hematological malignancy worldwide and also the fourth most frequent type of cancer among pediatric patients. This cancer can occur in children of any age, but it is quite rare under the age of 5 years. In recent decades, available medicines and therapies have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with this cancer. However, some cases of NHL are treatment resistant. For this reason, immunotherapy, as a more targeted and personalized treatment strategy, is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of NHL in pediatric patients. The objective of the following review is to gather the latest available research results, conducted among pediatric and/or adult patients with NHL, regarding one immunotherapy method, i.e., chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy. We focus on assessing the effectiveness of CAR-T cell therapy, which mainly targets B cell markers, CD19, CD20, and CD22, their connections with one another, sequential treatment, or connections with co-stimulatory molecules. In addition, we also evaluate the safety, aftermath (especially neurotoxicities) and limitations of CAR-T cell therapy.

Introduction and objective: Introduction. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field of computer science where hardware and software systems enable machines to think and act like humans. AI utilizes different algorithms and computational resources to perform intelligent tasks autonomously. AI...

Introduction and objective: Endometriosis is a chronic disease that can cause symptoms that significantly worsen the quality of life of patients. Treatment methods often fail to produce satisfactory results. Therefore, there is growing interest in the potential role of diet in prevention and management of endometriosis. The aim of the review is to analyze available scientific literature on the impact of diet on the development and alleviation of endometriosis symptoms and the possibility of its use in clinical practice. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Both nutrient deficiencies and excesses can affect health, with gene-nutrient interactions playing a key role in disease prevention and progression. Nutrition can alter gene expression and disease susceptibility, making the study of diet's influence on gynecological diseases like endometriosis important. Research suggests dietary changes can improve symptoms and quality of life for patients with endometriosis. Conclusions: This study confirms that consuming or limiting some of the nutrients can reduce the risk of developing endometriosis and alleviate its symptoms. However, there are many contradictions in the research. The role of diet and nutrition in endometriosis still remains an unexplored area that requires further investigation.

Introduction and purpose: Wilms tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is the most prevalent malignant tumor of the kidney in the pediatric population. 90% of them are diagnosed in children before the age of 6. This tumor is more common in girls, and usually occurs unilaterally. The purpose of the study is to analyse and present the incidence of the patients with Wilms tumor in University Children’s Hospital in Lublin in comparison to other studies published on PubMed. Material and methods: The study included 34 patients with the Wilms tumor in the past medical history. They were selected among patients who had a computed tomography (CT) scan in the Department of Pediatric Radiology between November 2012 and October 2021. Results: The average diagnostic age of Wilms tumor patients was 3 years and 9 months. The unilateral occurrence of the tumor was more common, also, the presence of a tumor in the left kidney was more frequent than in the right one. Metastases were mainly located in the lungs and liver. The less common sites of metastasis were pleural recesses and paraaortic lymph nodes. Treatment was mostly based on nephrectomy and chemotherapy, and less frequently, on radiotherapy. In the majority of patients, treatment resulted in regression of cancer lesions. Only a few recurrences of the disease were reported. Conclusions: Successful treatment protocols for Wilms tumor (pre-operative chemotherapy and surgery) ensure a high survival rate. It is important to monitor the patient after treatment due to the risk of recurrence. During diagnostics, chest and abdominal CT should be considered because of the high incidence rate of lung and liver metastases.

Introduction and objective: The link between gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis has gained significant research interest in recent years. Multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease characterised by chronic inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system, remains a complex condition with a multifactorial aetiology. Recent evidence suggests that alterations in gut microbiota composition, known as dysbiosis, may influence multiple sclerosis pathogenesis and progression. This paper aims to review the current state of knowledge regarding the gut–brain connection in multiple sclerosis, exploring how gut microbiota may affect disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches. Summary of the state of knowledge: The gut–brain axis plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. In multiple sclerosis, dysbiosis has been observed, with specific microbial profiles differing between patients and healthy controls. Gut microbiota can modulate immune responses, potentially influencing multiple sclerosis progression through pathways involving cytokine production and T-cell differentiation. Therapeutic interventions such as dietary modifications, probiotics, and faecal microbiota transplantation have shown promise in preliminary studies, indicating their potential to modulate gut microbiota and improve patient outcomes. Summary: Understanding the gut–brain axis in multiple sclerosis offers promising possibilities for new therapeutic strategies. Interventions targeting gut microbiota, such as probiotics, dietary changes, and faecal microbiota transplantation, show potential for modifying disease progression and enhancing treatment outcomes. However, current methodologies for assessing gut microbiota have limitations, requiring improved techniques for accurate analysis. Continued investigation into the gut–brain connection could lead to more effective and targeted treatments, ultimately improving the quality of life for multiple sclerosis patients.

Introduction Apple Cider Vinegar, primarily composed of acetic acid, is gaining more recognition for its possible health advantages, especially its anti-diabetic effects and its beneficial impact on weight loss. Aim of this study The aim of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge regarding the influence of ACV on glycemic indices and weight management in diabetic and obese patients, explore the possibilities of preventing comorbidities, and assess the safety of ACV consumption. Materials and Methods Research was performed based on Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. The literature was reviewed using the keywords : Apple Cider Vinegar, Diabetes, Glucose, Obesity. Results Studies have confirmed that apple cider vinegar exhibits significant anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties. It demonstrates dose- and time-dependent effects on reducing fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and lipid parameters. It positively impacts weight loss, reducing waist and hip circumference, and enhances tissue sensitivity to insulin. Additionally, apple cider vinegar has been shown to potentiate the effects of metformin, with liquid consumption yielding better results than pill form. Conclusions Although initial findings are encouraging, additional research with a larger participant pool and an extended duration of vinegar consumption is necessary. The brevity of the study period restricts the observation of long-term effects, and a larger sample size would improve the applicability of the findings. Key words: apple cider vinegar; diabetes; glucose; obesity