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Simple physical characterization of water evaporation can provide detailed information regarding its component distribution in particulate matter (PM) samples. The water presence in PM can greatly influence its polarity and subsequent reaction activity, for example, in secondary inorganic and organic matter formation. In this study, the presence of PM-bound water is detected using the Karl Fischer titration method in a temperature gradient with an aim to quantitatively assess different types of water occurrence. The analyses were initiated by testing two reference materials, namely urban particulate matter 1648a and urban dust 1649b (NIST). Four different types of water were found in both NIST materials, which helped to optimize the temperature ramp program and its adjustment for real PM samples. It was found that water contents in total suspended particles (TSP) are similar to those typically occurring in urban background stations—approximately 7.12–45.13% of the TSP mass, differentiated into the following water mass contributions: 48.5% of the total water found was loosely bound water; 23.3% was attributed to the absorption water; while the missing 20% could be probably attributed to crystal water removed only above 180 °C and artifacts connected with the drift correction problem. By comparing water release curves for single PM-compounds like pure SiO2; Al2O3; NH4NO3; (NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl with water spectra obtained for real PM samples, it was found that water in particulate matter mainly comes from the dehydration of TSP-bound crystalline like Al2O3, SiO2 and to a lesser extent from salts like NH4NO3; (NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl. A newly used thermal ramp method was able to assess water contents from Teflon–polypropylene baked filters characterized by low melting points and therefore filter degradation even under temperatures oscillating around 200 °C. The advantage of this new work is the separation of different types of TSP-bound water contributions, facilitating and promoting further research on the origin of PM-bound water and its role in atmospheric chemistry, secondary aerosol formation and visibility.
Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca; Malwina Tytła; Grzegorz Majewski; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec; Krzysztof Loska; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska. Strongly and Loosely Bound Water in Ambient Particulate Matter—Qualitative and Quantitative Determination by Karl Fischer Coulometric Method. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6196 .
AMA StyleKamila Widziewicz-Rzońca, Malwina Tytła, Grzegorz Majewski, Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec, Krzysztof Loska, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska. Strongly and Loosely Bound Water in Ambient Particulate Matter—Qualitative and Quantitative Determination by Karl Fischer Coulometric Method. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):6196.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamila Widziewicz-Rzońca; Malwina Tytła; Grzegorz Majewski; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec; Krzysztof Loska; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska. 2020. "Strongly and Loosely Bound Water in Ambient Particulate Matter—Qualitative and Quantitative Determination by Karl Fischer Coulometric Method." Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6196.
The present study describes the effects of temperature and humidity on the level of water absorption by filter blanks most popularly used for gravimetric analyzes of particulate matter (PM) and the effects of those on the accuracy of its weight measurements. The main parts of the research quantified the effect of temperature and humidity conditions on water contents quartz fiber (Q), fiberglass (G), PTFE, and nylon (N) filters. Supplementary studies were conducted to estimate the effects of temperature, humidity and material on mass loss/gain and the shape of water retention. All chemical analyses of water contents were performed by the Karl Fischer titration method. The results indicate that quartz filters are the most susceptible to the variations in water contents under changing humidity levels and therefore, less suitable to high accuracy determinations of PM mass compared to nylon or glass filters; PTFE performed the best due to their hydrophobicity. For PM water contents determinations, the best choice of filter media is PTFE. Although many other factors determine the choice of filter type for PM analyses, the present study is an important contribution to knowledge of assessing the suitability of different types of filter material for specific measurements.
Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca; Malwina Tytła. Water Sorption by Different Types of Filter Media Used for Particulate Matter Collection Under Varying Temperature and Humidity Conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 5180 .
AMA StyleKamila Widziewicz-Rzońca, Malwina Tytła. Water Sorption by Different Types of Filter Media Used for Particulate Matter Collection Under Varying Temperature and Humidity Conditions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (14):5180.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamila Widziewicz-Rzońca; Malwina Tytła. 2020. "Water Sorption by Different Types of Filter Media Used for Particulate Matter Collection Under Varying Temperature and Humidity Conditions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14: 5180.
The present study aimed to demonstrate that identification of the chemical forms of heavy metals in sewage sludge produced in municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) is a critical element of ecological risk assessment, especially in terms of its agricultural or natural use. The concentrations of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Hg) were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry (ICP-OES) and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). The chemical forms of heavy metals were analyzed in accordance with the sequential extraction method proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR). Sludge samples were collected at the five municipal WWTPs located in the largest industrial area in the country, i.e., the Upper Silesian Industrial Region (southern Poland, central Europe). The ecological risk was assessed by calculating the Potential Ecological Risk Factor (ER), Risk Index (RI), Risk Assessment Code (RAC), Individual Contamination Factor (ICF), Global Risk Index (GRI) as well as the author’s indices, i.e., Individual Ecological Risk (IER) and Global Ecological Risk (GER). To demonstrate the differences between the level of ecological risk posed by the different heavy metals, sludge samples were collected at two specific points of the processing line. Considering the chemical forms of heavy metals, the highest ecological risk was posed by Zn, Cd and Ni, while in the case of their total concentrations, by Cd and Hg. The obtained results confirm that quantitative determination of the total content of heavy metals in sewage sludge is not a sufficient criterion in assessment of the ecological risk that these elements pose to the natural environment and living organisms. Moreover, multivariate statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between the concentrations of heavy metals, which indicates that they plausibly originate from the same source of pollution.
Malwina Tytła. Identification of the Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge as a Critical Element of Ecological Risk Assessment in Terms of Its Agricultural or Natural Use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 4640 .
AMA StyleMalwina Tytła. Identification of the Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge as a Critical Element of Ecological Risk Assessment in Terms of Its Agricultural or Natural Use. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (13):4640.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalwina Tytła. 2020. "Identification of the Chemical Forms of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sewage Sludge as a Critical Element of Ecological Risk Assessment in Terms of Its Agricultural or Natural Use." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13: 4640.
Aerosol water is a master component of atmospheric aerosols and a medium that enables all aqueous-phase reactions occurring in the atmosphere. This integral chemical compound of suspended aerosol particles (PM) has become one of the hottest issues in recent years. To look for scientific productivity in the area of PM-bound water research a bibliometric analysis was performed. Most actual literature regarding aerosol and particulate bound water and implications of the research in this field was downloaded from WOS database using 1996–2018 timespan. Different bibliographic statistics were used to get a general profile of leading authorships, institutions, countries and mainstream journals providing most highly cited articles in the field. Using the CiteSpace software it was possible to identify past trends and possible future directions in measuring aerosol bound water. The search terms used in the database were {“aerosol” AND “water” OR “chemical mass balance”} AND {“particulate matter” OR “PM-bound water” OR “hygroscopic”}. The answers to the following questions were found: which authors, countries, institutions and aerosol journals to the greatest degree influenced PM-bound water research?. The network of co-occurring noun phrases was extracted from the set of publications, followed by co-citation analysis. The network was also clustered by top terms which gave a clear picture of topics most often undertaken. Finally the publication meeting eligibility criteria were looked for chemical compounds most frequently determined in PM-bound water research, which help to indicate works where quantitative assessment of PM-bound water was performed. Obtained results indicate that the paper with the greatest citation burst was Tang and Munkelwitz (J Geophys Res Atmos 99(D9):18801–18808, 1994). The largest number of articles in this specific field was published in Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. An absolute leader in the quantity of publications among all research institutions is National Aeronautics Space Administration NASA. Meteorology and Atmospheric sciences is the discipline most occupied by highly cited journals in this field. Clustering results indicate that the research has mainly focused on hygroscopic measurement of aerosol, hygroscopic growth of particles; aerosol liquid water, and hygroscopic behavior. Most articles rather points PM-bound water as an artifact in organic carbon and ions measurements without detailed analysis of its contents or probable origin. The number of publications in each cluster of the build network is relatively high, which indicate that scholars have formed a rather consistent studies in the theme of aerosol-bound water. Despite a relevant role played by aerosol-bound water in atmospheric processes a quantitative description of its contents is rather rarely found in the literature (with the total number of only 23 papers concerning PM-bound water contents). In terms of yield, USA, China and Italy ranked highest, playing a propelling role in the research on PM-bound water. Future trends in PM-bound water research should be directed to a quantitative measurements of its contents; source apportionment, chemical composition of PM—modulating its hygroscopicity and therefore cloud formation processes, and the assessment of artefacts influencing the quality of PM-bound water measurements. Those areas should be especially developed in future studies and scientific projects concerning atmospheric water.
Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca; Malwina Tytła. First systematic review on PM-bound water: exploring the existing knowledge domain using the CiteSpace software. Scientometrics 2020, 124, 1945 -2008.
AMA StyleKamila Widziewicz-Rzońca, Malwina Tytła. First systematic review on PM-bound water: exploring the existing knowledge domain using the CiteSpace software. Scientometrics. 2020; 124 (3):1945-2008.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamila Widziewicz-Rzońca; Malwina Tytła. 2020. "First systematic review on PM-bound water: exploring the existing knowledge domain using the CiteSpace software." Scientometrics 124, no. 3: 1945-2008.
This study aimed to assess the pollution and potential ecological risk of seven heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the sewage sludge collected from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), located in the most industrialized region of Poland (Silesian Voivodeship). The concentrations of heavy metals were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical spectrometry (ICP-OES) and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). The chemical forms (chemical speciation) of heavy metals were determined using the three-step chemical sequential extraction procedure, developed by the Community Bureau of Reference (BCR). To assess the pollution level and potential ecological risk, the following indices were used: Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Potential Ecological Risk Factor (ER), Individual Contamination Factor (ICF), Risk Assessment Code (RAC), and Ecological Risk Factor (ERF)—the author’s index. Sludge samples were collected at successive stages of processing. The results revealed that the activated sludge process and sludge thickening have a significant impact on heavy metal distribution, while anaerobic digestion and dehydration decrease their mobility. The most dominant metals in the sludge samples were Zn and Cu. However, the content of heavy metals in sewage sludge did not exceed the permissible standards for agricultural purposes. The concentrations of heavy metals bound to the immobile fractions exhibited higher concentrations, compared to those bound to mobile fractions (except Zn). The values of the total indices indicated that sludge samples were moderately to highly contaminated with Zn, Hg, Cd, Cu, and Pb, of which only Hg, Cd, and Cu posed a potential ecological risk, while according to the speciation indices, sludge samples were moderately to very highly polluted with Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, and Ni, of which Zn, Ni, and Cd were environmentally hazardous. The obtained results proved that assessment of the pollution level and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sewage sludge requires knowledge on both their total concentrations and their chemical forms. Such an approach will help prevent secondary pollution of soils with heavy metals, which may influence the reduction of health risks associated with the consumption of plants characterized by a high metal content.
Malwina Tytła. Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk in Sewage Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Located in the Most Industrialized Region in Poland—Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2019, 16, 2430 .
AMA StyleMalwina Tytła. Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk in Sewage Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Located in the Most Industrialized Region in Poland—Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16 (13):2430.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalwina Tytła. 2019. "Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk in Sewage Sludge from Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Located in the Most Industrialized Region in Poland—Case Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 13: 2430.
Study was aimed to assess the potential ecological risk of nine metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and one metalloid (As) in bottom sediments of the Dzierżno Duże Reservoir located in the key anthropogenic “hot spot” area—Upper Silesian Industrial Region (Poland). Sediments were collected in seven sampling sites, along the main axis of a reservoir. Statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between the potentially toxic elements, which indicated that they plausibly originate from the same source of contamination or have a similar accumulation behavior. Several indices were used to assess ecological risk associated with examined elements, i.e., Enrichment Factor, Geoaccumulation Index, Contamination Factor, Potential Ecological Risk Factor, Probable Effect Concentration, Threshold Effect Concentration, Degree of Contamination and Risk Index. The values of analyzed indices indicate that sediments are highly to extremely highly contaminated, especially by Cd, Pb, Zn, and As, which simultaneously pose the highest ecological risk. The results of Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicate that Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, and As in the bottom sediments are most likely of anthropogenic origin, while Mn rather from natural sources. The obtained results confirm the usefulness of different indices in assessing the ecological condition of water bodies and prove that the problem of toxic elements contamination in bottom sediments of the Dzierżno Duże Reservoir poses a serious environmental threat.
Malwina Tytła; Maciej Kostecki. Ecological risk assessment of metals and metalloid in bottom sediments of water reservoir located in the key anthropogenic “hot spot” area (Poland). Environmental Earth Sciences 2019, 78, 179 .
AMA StyleMalwina Tytła, Maciej Kostecki. Ecological risk assessment of metals and metalloid in bottom sediments of water reservoir located in the key anthropogenic “hot spot” area (Poland). Environmental Earth Sciences. 2019; 78 (5):179.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalwina Tytła; Maciej Kostecki. 2019. "Ecological risk assessment of metals and metalloid in bottom sediments of water reservoir located in the key anthropogenic “hot spot” area (Poland)." Environmental Earth Sciences 78, no. 5: 179.
A comprehensive analysis of the effects obtained in the process of ultrasonic disintegration (UD) of waste activated sludge (WAS), was conducted. Sludge samples were collected periodically from Central Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Gliwice (Poland) and disintegrated in the two ultrasonic devices of different construction and technical parameters, i.e., WK-2010 (A) and ultrasonic washer (B). The experiments were performed under a constant energy supply per sludge volume EV = 160 kWh·m−3. The direct and technological effects, i.e., after UD and anaerobic digestion (AD) were investigated, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that characteristics and parameters of the WAS, which affects the magnitude of the direct effects create the following sequence: TS (total solids), VS (volatile solids), ΔT (temperature increase) > EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) > SCOD (soluble chemical oxygen demand) > CST (capillary suction time) > NTOT (total nitrogen), PTOT (total phosphorus) > pH. Whereas, in the case of technological effects, the above sequence was as follows: TS, VS > CST > NTOT, PTOT > pH. Ultrasonic disintegration of WAS prior to AD increased total biogas production (from 13.0% to 19.7%) and reduced the content of TS (from 4.1% to 8.2%) and VS (5.8% to 9.5%) in comparison to the control sample. This confirms the usefulness of ultrasonic disintegration as an effective method of sludge digestion intensification. The obtained results showed that changes in the characteristics of WAS have a significant impact on the magnitude of the effects of ultrasonic disintegration, especially TS, VS, ΔT, EPS, SCOD and CST. Concluding, it can be inferred that the most promising conditions for ultrasonic pretreatment conducted under constant energy supply per sludge volume, are: low power, long sonication time, large surface area of the emitter, and high increase of sludge temperature while conducting the process.
Malwina Tytła. The Effects of Ultrasonic Disintegration as a Function of Waste Activated Sludge Characteristics and Technical Conditions of Conducting the Process—Comprehensive Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2018, 15, 2311 .
AMA StyleMalwina Tytła. The Effects of Ultrasonic Disintegration as a Function of Waste Activated Sludge Characteristics and Technical Conditions of Conducting the Process—Comprehensive Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15 (10):2311.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalwina Tytła. 2018. "The Effects of Ultrasonic Disintegration as a Function of Waste Activated Sludge Characteristics and Technical Conditions of Conducting the Process—Comprehensive Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2311.
Ambient concentrations and seasonal variability of water bound to ambient fine particulate matter (PM1-bound water) were investigated at two urban sites, the cities Zabrze and Warsaw (southern and central Poland, respectively), in summer and winter. The types and numbers of PM1 sources differ extremely between the two cities in one season and between the two seasons in one city, therefore the chemical compositions of PM1 differ as well. Water and other main PM1 components (ions of water soluble compounds, organic and elemental carbon) were determined in the PM1 samples and their amounts comparatively analyzed. The large effect of solid fuel (hard coal) burning for residential heating on chemical composition and concentrations of PM1 makes the concentrations of PM1-bound water and their seasonal changes greater in Zabrze than in Warsaw, where PM1 in winter comes mainly from natural gas burning and from road traffic.
Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Grzegorz Majewski; Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec; Malwina Tytła; Barbara Mathews; Małgorzata Ciuka-Witrylak. Seasonal variations of PM1-bound water concentration in urban areas in Poland. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2018, 10, 267 -273.
AMA StyleWioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Grzegorz Majewski, Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca, Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec, Malwina Tytła, Barbara Mathews, Małgorzata Ciuka-Witrylak. Seasonal variations of PM1-bound water concentration in urban areas in Poland. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 2018; 10 (1):267-273.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWioletta Rogula-Kozłowska; Grzegorz Majewski; Kamila Widziewicz-Rzońca; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec; Malwina Tytła; Barbara Mathews; Małgorzata Ciuka-Witrylak. 2018. "Seasonal variations of PM1-bound water concentration in urban areas in Poland." Atmospheric Pollution Research 10, no. 1: 267-273.
The aim of the study was to assess the ecological risk of five trace metals, i.e. Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, accumulated in bottom sediments of young water reservoir – Bardowskiego Lagoon located in Warsaw, Poland. In this case, several indices were used, i.e. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo), Contamination factor (CF), Potential ecological risk factor (ER), Degree of contamination (DC), Pollution load index (PLI) and Risk index (RI). The average trace metals concentrations in sediments, were as follow: Zn > Pb > Cu > Cd > Ni. The obtained results revealed that bottom sediments were very highly to extremely high contaminated by Cd and the ecological risk related with this pollutant was the largest. They also indicated that water from the study area was characterized by a low ecological quality, especially due to the content of Cd and Pb. The research proves that problem of cadmium contamination in bottom sediments of young water reservoirs is real and poses a serious ecological risk.
Malwina Tytła; Anna Dmochowska; Dariusz Dmochowski; Kinga Jaworska. Ecological risk assessment of trace metals in the bottom sediments of the young water reservoir – Bardowskiego Lagoon (Warsaw) case study. E3S Web of Conferences 2018, 44, 00182 .
AMA StyleMalwina Tytła, Anna Dmochowska, Dariusz Dmochowski, Kinga Jaworska. Ecological risk assessment of trace metals in the bottom sediments of the young water reservoir – Bardowskiego Lagoon (Warsaw) case study. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018; 44 ():00182.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalwina Tytła; Anna Dmochowska; Dariusz Dmochowski; Kinga Jaworska. 2018. "Ecological risk assessment of trace metals in the bottom sediments of the young water reservoir – Bardowskiego Lagoon (Warsaw) case study." E3S Web of Conferences 44, no. : 00182.
Literature data indicate, that the conversion of secondary PM (particulate matter) precursors are largely controlled by the amount of atmospheric water vapor, and that higher capacity of water accumulation is demonstrated mainly by fine particles of anthropogenic origin, rich in ionic compounds like sulfates, nitrates, ammonia and chlorides, arising for example from biomass incineration processes. Smaller retention capability is however typical for coarse PM particles of natural origin, containing lot of crustal material like aluminosilicates. It is therefore suspect that both – the size of PM particles and the source of its origin will determine its hygroscopicity. The quantitative and qualitative measurements of water contributions in PM for example by means of Karl Fischer titration method could be therefore a good marker of PM origin. Due to analytical limitations the identification of water contents in PM and the differences in water fingerprint between PM collected in different locations is still quite challenging.
Kamila Widziewicz; Malwina Tytła; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska. Short review on PM-bound water. Its presence in the atmosphere, forms of occurrence and determination by Karl Fischer coulometric titration. E3S Web of Conferences 2018, 44, 00187 .
AMA StyleKamila Widziewicz, Malwina Tytła, Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska. Short review on PM-bound water. Its presence in the atmosphere, forms of occurrence and determination by Karl Fischer coulometric titration. E3S Web of Conferences. 2018; 44 ():00187.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKamila Widziewicz; Malwina Tytła; Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec; Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska. 2018. "Short review on PM-bound water. Its presence in the atmosphere, forms of occurrence and determination by Karl Fischer coulometric titration." E3S Web of Conferences 44, no. : 00187.
Michal Bodzek; Mariola Rajca; Malwina Tytla; Krystyna Konieczny; Barbara Tomaszewska. Nanofiltration enhancing the mine water treatment. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 2018, 128, 372 -382.
AMA StyleMichal Bodzek, Mariola Rajca, Malwina Tytla, Krystyna Konieczny, Barbara Tomaszewska. Nanofiltration enhancing the mine water treatment. DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT. 2018; 128 ():372-382.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichal Bodzek; Mariola Rajca; Malwina Tytla; Krystyna Konieczny; Barbara Tomaszewska. 2018. "Nanofiltration enhancing the mine water treatment." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 128, no. : 372-382.
Michal Bodzek; Mariola Rajca; Malwina Tytla; Barbara Tomaszewska. Integration of nanoflltratlon and reverse osmosis in desalination of mine water. Desalination and Water Treatment 2018, 128, 96 -105.
AMA StyleMichal Bodzek, Mariola Rajca, Malwina Tytla, Barbara Tomaszewska. Integration of nanoflltratlon and reverse osmosis in desalination of mine water. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2018; 128 ():96-105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichal Bodzek; Mariola Rajca; Malwina Tytla; Barbara Tomaszewska. 2018. "Integration of nanoflltratlon and reverse osmosis in desalination of mine water." Desalination and Water Treatment 128, no. : 96-105.
This paper aimed to indicate the characteristics of excess sludge, which have the greatest impact on the effects obtained during its ultrasonic disintegration (UD). The direct and technological effects observed after sludge disintegration and anaerobic digestion (AD) depend on the factors affecting the quality of its matrix and simply on the parameters of a disintegrator. Sludge samples originate from a Central Waste Water Treatment Plant in Gliwice, and were collected after mechanical thickening by a monthly period. This approach allowed to observe the temporal changes of sludge characteristics, in a continuous manner. To evaluate the achieved disintegration effects, the following indicators were used: degree of disintegration (DDCOD) and the author's indicators describing the direct and technological effects of UD (IDi, ITi, ITd), based on the changes in the sludge characteristics. Disintegration was carried out by means of an ultrasonic device equipped with a thin sonotrode. AD was conducted under mesophilic conditions for 20 days. Statistical analysis confirmed that the most important parameters of sludge, which determine obtained effects, were total and volatile solids, capillary suction time, concentration of chemical oxygen demand and pH value. The investigations have also showed that the increase in sludge temperature during its disintegration has a significant impact on the magnitude of other effects obtained in the process.
Malwina Tytła; Ewa Zielewicz. The impact of temporal variability of excess sludge characteristics on the effects obtained in the process of its ultrasonic disintegration. Environmental Technology 2017, 39, 3020 -3032.
AMA StyleMalwina Tytła, Ewa Zielewicz. The impact of temporal variability of excess sludge characteristics on the effects obtained in the process of its ultrasonic disintegration. Environmental Technology. 2017; 39 (23):3020-3032.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalwina Tytła; Ewa Zielewicz. 2017. "The impact of temporal variability of excess sludge characteristics on the effects obtained in the process of its ultrasonic disintegration." Environmental Technology 39, no. 23: 3020-3032.
The research objective was to study temporal and spatial relations between specific phosphorus species as well as to examine total phosphorus content in the bottom sediments of an anthropogenic, hypertrophic limnic ecosystem Rybnik Reservoir, functioning under thermal pollution conditions. The chemical extraction procedure for the speciation of bioavailable phosphorus forms was used. It was found that available algae phosphorus was the most dominant phosphorus species in both sediment layers (83%), while the lower share was readily desorbed phosphorus form (0.1%). The phosphorus species concentrations depended on the organic matter concentration. The differences between phosphorus species contents in the upper (5 cm) and lower (15–20 cm) sediment core layers were low. The biologically active sediment layer extended from the sediment surface to at least 20 cm depth of the sediment core. Distributions of the concentrations within the year and at specific sampling points resulted from the variability observed for particular points and transformation intensity. Furthermore in the following study, the reaction rate constant for the increase and decrease in the concentrations of the phosphorus species in sediments was given. It was indicated that the speed of the phosphorus species transformations was affected by the environment temperature. In the heated water discharge zone (water temp. 17–35°C) the concentrations of selected speciation phosphorus forms increased more than in the dam zone (5–25°C). It was also found that the abundance of the bottom sediments with phosphorus species was related to the oblong and transverse asymmetry of reservoir depth.
Maciej Kostecki; Malwina Tytła; Joanna Kernert; Katarzyna Stahl. Temporal and spatial variability in concentrations of phosphorus species under thermal pollution conditions of a dam reservoir – the Rybnik Reservoir case study. Archives of Environmental Protection 2017, 43, 42 -52.
AMA StyleMaciej Kostecki, Malwina Tytła, Joanna Kernert, Katarzyna Stahl. Temporal and spatial variability in concentrations of phosphorus species under thermal pollution conditions of a dam reservoir – the Rybnik Reservoir case study. Archives of Environmental Protection. 2017; 43 (3):42-52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaciej Kostecki; Malwina Tytła; Joanna Kernert; Katarzyna Stahl. 2017. "Temporal and spatial variability in concentrations of phosphorus species under thermal pollution conditions of a dam reservoir – the Rybnik Reservoir case study." Archives of Environmental Protection 43, no. 3: 42-52.
Ultrasonic disintegration, as a method of sludge pre-treatment (before the stabilization process), causes changes in their physicochemical characteristics. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of ultrasonic disintegration conditions (sonication) on the changes in the physicochemical characteristics of sonicated sludge, i.e. an increase in the content of organic substances in the supernatant, sludge dewaterability and flocs structure. Thickened and non-thickened excess sludge from the municipal wastewater treatment plant in Gliwice was disintegrated. The process was conducted, using a high-power disintegrator equipped with a lenticular horn. In order to determine the most favorable conditions, the sewage sludge was sonicated at a wave frequency of f=25 kHz (as a function of time), with a different samples volume (V1=0.5 and V2=1 L) and emitter position of 1 and the 2.5 cm from the bottom of the chamber in which the process was conducted. The disintegration of sewage sludge was carried out with a specific energy density (EV) in the range from 10 to 30 kWh/m3. The evaluation of the disintegration effects was based on changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the sludge and/or supernatant at the end of the process, expressed by commonly used and author’s disintegration indicators. The best results were obtained for the sludge disintegrated with a volume of V2=1 L and the emitter position of 2.5 cm from the bottom of the chamber. The study confirms that in various operating conditions of ultrasonic disintegration, there is a possibility for obtaining different effects which may influence the course of anaerobic stabilization and quality of the final products of the process.
Malwina Tytła; Ewa Zielewicz. The effect of ultrasonic disintegration process conditions on the physicochemical characteristics of excess sludge. Archives of Environmental Protection 2016, 42, 19 -26.
AMA StyleMalwina Tytła, Ewa Zielewicz. The effect of ultrasonic disintegration process conditions on the physicochemical characteristics of excess sludge. Archives of Environmental Protection. 2016; 42 (1):19-26.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalwina Tytła; Ewa Zielewicz. 2016. "The effect of ultrasonic disintegration process conditions on the physicochemical characteristics of excess sludge." Archives of Environmental Protection 42, no. 1: 19-26.
The analysis of heavy metal concentrations and forms in sewage sludge constitutes an important issue in terms of both health and environmental hazards the metals pose. The total heavy metals concentration enables only the assessment of its contamination. Hence the knowledge of chemical forms is required to determine their environmental mobility and sludge final disposal. Heavy metals speciation was studied by using four-stage sequential extraction BCR (Community Bureau of Reference). This study was aimed at determining the total concentration of selected heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr and Hg) and their chemical forms (except for Hg) in sludge collected at different stages of its processing at two municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants in southern Poland. Metals contents in sludge samples were determined by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). This study shows that Zn and Cu appeared to be the most abundant in sludge, while Cd and Hg were in the lowest concentrations. The sewage sludge revealed the domination of immobile fractions over the mobile ones. The oxidizable and residual forms were dominant for all the heavy metals. There was also a significant difference in metals speciation between sludges of different origin which was probably due to differences in wastewater composition and processes occurring in biological stage of wastewater treatment. The results indicate a negligible capability of metals to migrate from sludge into the environment. Our research revealed a significant impact of thickening, stabilization and hygienization on the distribution of heavy metals in sludge and their mobility.
Malwina Tytła; Kamila Widziewicz; Ewa Zielewicz. Heavy metals and its chemical speciation in sewage sludge at different stages of processing. Environmental Technology 2015, 37, 899 -908.
AMA StyleMalwina Tytła, Kamila Widziewicz, Ewa Zielewicz. Heavy metals and its chemical speciation in sewage sludge at different stages of processing. Environmental Technology. 2015; 37 (7):899-908.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMalwina Tytła; Kamila Widziewicz; Ewa Zielewicz. 2015. "Heavy metals and its chemical speciation in sewage sludge at different stages of processing." Environmental Technology 37, no. 7: 899-908.
The ultrasonic disintegration of excess sludge is placed after the mechanical thickening but before the digestion tanks in order to intensify the process of sludge stabilization. The effects obtained directly after ultrasonic disintegration depend on many factors and can be grouped in two main categories: factors affecting the quality of sludge and those associated with the construction of disintegrators and its parameters. The ultrasonic disintegration research was carried out using three types of structural solutions of disintegrators. Two of them, that is, WK-2000 ultrasonic generator (P = 400 W) working with a thin sonotrode and WK-2010 ultrasonic generator (P = 100-1000 W) working with a new type construction emitter lens sonotrode, were compared with the influence of a washer with a flat emitter. The investigations have shown that in the same sludge, using the same value of volumetric energy, the resulting effect depends on the construction of the ultrasonic disintegrator, that is, design of the head and the ratio between the field of the emitter and the field of the chamber in sonicated medium.
Ewa Zielewicz; Malwina Tytła. Effects of ultrasonic disintegration of excess sludge obtained in disintegrators of different constructions. Environmental Technology 2015, 36, 2210 -2216.
AMA StyleEwa Zielewicz, Malwina Tytła. Effects of ultrasonic disintegration of excess sludge obtained in disintegrators of different constructions. Environmental Technology. 2015; 36 (17):2210-2216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEwa Zielewicz; Malwina Tytła. 2015. "Effects of ultrasonic disintegration of excess sludge obtained in disintegrators of different constructions." Environmental Technology 36, no. 17: 2210-2216.