Background/Objectives: Exercise is a key nonpharmacological strategy for the management of sarcopenic obesity (SO), characterized by low muscle mass and excess fat. However, long-term interventions and specific modalities, such as power training (PT), remain unexplored in this population. Methods: In this 32-week randomized controlled trial, 40 community-dwelling women (mean age: 77.0 ± 6.8 years) with sarcopenic obesity (per the EWGSOP2 and ESPEN criteria) were assigned to power training (PT), multicomponent training (MT), or a non-exercise control group (CG). Body composition, strength, and function were assessed pre- and post-intervention using within- and between-group analyses with effect size estimation. Nutritional intake was evaluated at baseline. Results: Significant pre–post intervention between-group differences were observed in appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI; p = 0.039), body fat percentage (BF%; p = 0.002), visceral fat (VF; p = 0.044), appendicular muscle mass (ASM; p = 0.021), gait speed (GS; p = 0.018), timed up and go test (TUG; p = 0.005), five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS; p < 0.001), and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB; p = 0.002). Large effect sizes (Cohen’s d > 0.8) were found in the PT group for all these variables. Post hoc analyses indicated that PT was significantly superior to MT in improving 5STS (p = 0.005) and TUG (p = 0.025). Notably, 35.7% of the PT participants no longer met diagnostic criteria for SO after the intervention. Conclusions: PT was more effective than MT and the CG in improving muscle mass, reducing fat, and enhancing functional performance in older women with SO. These findings support PT as a feasible and promising intervention.

Background/Objectives: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a clinical condition in which there is an excess of fat mass and a loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. Its prevalence increases with age, particularly in adults over 65 years old. However, debate persists on the definition and assessment of SO. The purpose of this review is to examine the impact of resistance training on older adults with sarcopenic obesity. Methods: This review included studies investigating the effects of resistance training interventions in older adults with SO. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across six databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, Embase, EBSCO, and Web of Science), yielding 1882 articles. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the PEDro scale and the GRADE system. Results: Eleven randomized clinical trials were analyzed qualitatively and nine were analyzed quantitatively. The meta-analysis demonstrated that exercise interventions revealed the positive effects of exercise mainly on physical performance ([SMD] = 0.36, [95% CI] = 0.03, 0.69, p = 0.003) and body composition ([SMD] = 0.35, [95% CI] = 0.12, 0.57, p = 0.003), with no significant differences in biomarkers ([SMD] = 0.1, [95% CI] = −0.28, 0.49, p = 0.52). Conclusions: Resistance training benefits older adults with SO, improving body composition and physical function, whereas there were no significant differences in blood biomarkers. The present review highlights the limitations of the existing evidence base. Many included studies exhibited methodological shortcomings, necessitating the cautious interpretation of findings. Future research should prioritize rigorous study designs, including larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods, to enhance the precision and generalizability of results.

The prevalence of sarcopenia depends on the diagnostic criteria and updates used. There are few studies investigating the relationship between the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) criteria and risk factors in active community-dwelling older adults. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 533 community-dwelling active older adults were assessed. 3.75 % were diagnosed with confirmed sarcopenia and 15.86 % with probable sarcopenia. The risk of sarcopenia was found to increase with age, taking more than four tablets a day and having a low level of education. There is a possible association between smoking and living alone. In contrast, active older adults had a lower prevalence of sarcopenia compared to the European and global populations, suggesting a protective effect of physical activity adherence against sarcopenia. Further studies in this population are needed to increase the sample size and to better understand the development and factors associated with sarcopenia.

Background/Objectives: Resistance training (RT) is a key strategy to counteract age-related declines in muscle strength and physical function. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been proposed as a complementary supplement to enhance these adaptations. However, the additional effects of RT plus HMB (RT+HMB) compared with RT alone remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of RT+HMB versus RT alone on body composition, muscle quality (MQ), and physical function in older adults. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251144810), six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) were searched up to July 2025. Randomized controlled trials comparing RT+HMB with RT alone were included. Methodological quality was assessed with the PEDro scale and risk of bias using Cochrane RoB 2. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: Ten trials (n = 596) met inclusion criteria. RT+HMB produced modest and borderline significant improvements in handgrip strength (SMD 0.24; 95% CI 0.00–0.48; p = 0.05) and moderate benefits in Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) scores (SMD 0.54; 95% CI 0.12–0.95; p = 0.01). No significant effects were observed for gait speed, appendicular lean mass, MQ, fat mass, or body weight (p > 0.05). Five trials (50%) were rated at high risk of bias, limiting confidence in pooled estimates. Conclusions: HMB supplementation combined with RT may yield modest improvements in functional performance, particularly handgrip strength and overall physical function, without statically significant effects in body composition and MQ. Further high-quality RCTs are warranted to confirm its clinical relevance.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of physical exercise on key clinical outcomes (such as quality of life (QoL), aerobic capacity, fatigue, and muscle strength) in patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methods: PRISMA systematic review and meta-analysis from inception to April 2025. PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for eligible studies. Methodological quality and risk of bias were evaluated with the Pedro scale and the Risk-Of-Bias Tool for randomized trials (ROB2.0) respectively. Results: An initial search retrieved 5217 articles. Finally, 20 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis and 7 in the meta-analysis. Exercise showed a small, non-significant effect on QoL (SMD = 0.23; p = 0.072), and a significant moderate effect on functional capacity (SMD = 0.43; p = 0.002). No significant effects were found on fatigue (SMD = − 0.05; p = 0.819) or handgrip strength (SMD = 0.21; p = 0.201), although a large and significant effect was observed for lower limb strength (SMD = 1.48; p < 0.001). Meta-regression analyses indicated that longer intervention duration was significantly associated with greater improvements in fatigue. Conclusions: Physical exercise improves functional capacity and lower limb strength in transplant patients, while effects on quality of life and fatigue are less consistent. Longer interventions are associated with greater improvements in fatigue. These results support the implementation of prolonged exercise programmes to optimize post-transplant recovery.