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Despite the well-established benefits of physical activity for both physical and psychological health, current inactivity prevalence continues to be particularly alarming among adolescents and youth. Equally of great concern is the existence of striking gender differences that represent a serious threat to reverse this problem. We aimed to analyze gender-related differences in self-reported physical activity and motivational regulations in a population-based sample of Spaniard adolescents and young adults (n = 9949). To this aim, we used an explanatory mixed-methods design by integrating quantitative and qualitative data using self-determination theory (SDT) as an analytic framework. Our results reported a gender imbalance in physical activity levels and autonomous forms of motivation to the detriment of adolescent girls and young women. An earlier and steeper age-related decline both in activity and volitional types of motivation was observed in girls. Qualitative outcomes depicted a range of key cognitive and contextual mechanisms undermining the degree to which physically active behaviors are volitionally undertaken among women. These findings highlight the importance of implementing gender-sensitive policy approaches and may have a useful application in suggesting how contextual factors and exercise settings can be addressed to foster volitional types of physical activity engagement in adolescent girls and young women.
Antonio Luque-Casado; Xian Mayo; Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez; Alfonso Jiménez; Fernando Del Villar. Understanding Behavioral Regulation Towards Physical Activity Participation: Do We Need a Paradigm Shift to Close the Gender Gap? Sustainability 2021, 13, 1683 .
AMA StyleAntonio Luque-Casado, Xian Mayo, Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez, Alfonso Jiménez, Fernando Del Villar. Understanding Behavioral Regulation Towards Physical Activity Participation: Do We Need a Paradigm Shift to Close the Gender Gap? Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):1683.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Luque-Casado; Xian Mayo; Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez; Alfonso Jiménez; Fernando Del Villar. 2021. "Understanding Behavioral Regulation Towards Physical Activity Participation: Do We Need a Paradigm Shift to Close the Gender Gap?" Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1683.
Preworkout multi-ingredient admixtures are used to maximise exercise performance. The present double-blind, cross-over study compared the acute effects of ingesting a preworkout multi-ingredient (PREW) admixture vs. carbohydrate (CHO) over a week (microcycle) comprising three resistance training (RT) workouts alternated with two 30-min low-intensity endurance sessions (END) on RT volume (kg lifted) and END substrate oxidation. Additionally, postworkout decreases of muscle function and subjective responses were analysed. Following a baseline assessment, fourteen recreationally trained, middle-aged adults (seven females, 48.8 ± 4.7 years old) completed two identical microcycles separated by a two-week washout period while receiving either PREW or CHO (15 min prior to workout). The RT volume, per session (SVOL) and for the entire week (WVOL), was calculated. Fatty acid oxidation (FAO) during 30-min cycling corresponding to their individually determined maximal fat oxidation was measured using expired gasses and indirect calorimetry. Assessments of performance and tensiomyography were conducted within 20 min after each RT. Higher (p = 0.001) SVOL and WVOL along with a larger proportion of FAO (p = 0.05) during the second END workout were determined under the PREW treatment. No other statistically significant differences were observed between conditions. Compared to CHO, a preworkout multi-ingredient appears to increase resistance volume and favour fat oxidation during low-intensity endurance exercises.
Joel Puente-Fernández; Marcos Seijo; Eneko Larumbe-Zabala; Alfonso Jiménez; Gary Liguori; Claire J. L. Rossato; Xian Mayo; Fernando Naclerio. Effects of Multi-Ingredient Preworkout Supplementation across a Five-Day Resistance and Endurance Training Microcycle in Middle-Aged Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3778 .
AMA StyleJoel Puente-Fernández, Marcos Seijo, Eneko Larumbe-Zabala, Alfonso Jiménez, Gary Liguori, Claire J. L. Rossato, Xian Mayo, Fernando Naclerio. Effects of Multi-Ingredient Preworkout Supplementation across a Five-Day Resistance and Endurance Training Microcycle in Middle-Aged Adults. Nutrients. 2020; 12 (12):3778.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoel Puente-Fernández; Marcos Seijo; Eneko Larumbe-Zabala; Alfonso Jiménez; Gary Liguori; Claire J. L. Rossato; Xian Mayo; Fernando Naclerio. 2020. "Effects of Multi-Ingredient Preworkout Supplementation across a Five-Day Resistance and Endurance Training Microcycle in Middle-Aged Adults." Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3778.
The fitness sector is an essential player in the promotion of physical activity and healthy behaviour in Europe. However, the sector is confronted with numerous socio-demographic trends that will shape its ability to be financially successful and contribute to public health. The sector must understand current drivers of change and the skills its workforce needs to navigate them. As such, using the results of a 2019 Delphi Survey of over 50 fitness experts from 26 countries, we aim to define the drivers of change facing the sector and identify the skills needed by the fitness workforce to navigate these changes. We find that several technological, social, health and economic trends affect the sector. As a result, so-called soft skills such as communication or customer service, along with digital technology skills, are becoming increasingly important. There is also growing recognition that fitness professionals need to be trained to work with a number of special populations. Furthermore, we argue that many of the trends identified here—such as the increasing use of technology or the focus on individual customer needs—have been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude by arguing that well-developed, pan-European qualifications are needed to address these common issues.
Louis Moustakas; Anna Szumilewicz; Xian Mayo; Elisabeth Thienemann; Andrew Grant. Foresight for the Fitness Sector: Results from a European Delphi Study and Its Relevance in the Time of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 8941 .
AMA StyleLouis Moustakas, Anna Szumilewicz, Xian Mayo, Elisabeth Thienemann, Andrew Grant. Foresight for the Fitness Sector: Results from a European Delphi Study and Its Relevance in the Time of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (23):8941.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLouis Moustakas; Anna Szumilewicz; Xian Mayo; Elisabeth Thienemann; Andrew Grant. 2020. "Foresight for the Fitness Sector: Results from a European Delphi Study and Its Relevance in the Time of COVID-19." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 23: 8941.
In December of 2019, there was an outbreak of a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19) in China. The virus rapidly spread into the whole world causing an unprecedented pandemic and forcing governments to impose a global quarantine, entering an extreme unknown situation. The organizational consequences of quarantine/isolation are absence of organized training and competition, lack of communication among athletes and coaches, inability to move freely, lack of adequate sunlight exposure, and inappropriate training conditions. The reduction of mobility imposed to contain the advance of the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic can negatively affect the physical condition and health of individuals leading to muscle atrophy, progressive loss of muscle strength, and reductions in neuromuscular and mechanical capacities. Resistance training (RT) might be an effective tool to counteract these adverse consequences. RT is considered an essential part of an exercise program due to its numerous health and athletic benefits. However, in the face of the SARS-Cov-2 outbreak, many people might be concerned with safety issues regarding its practice, especially in indoor exercise facilities, such as gyms and fitness centers. These concerns might be associated with RT impact in the immune system, respiratory changes, and contamination due to equipment sharing and agglomeration. In this current opinion article, we provide insights to address these issues to facilitate the return of RT practices under the new logistical and health challenges. We understand that RT can be adapted to allow its performance with measures adopted to control coronavirus outbreak such that the benefits would largely overcome the potential risks. The article provides some practical information to help on its implementation.
Paulo Gentil; Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira; Daniel Souza; Alfonso Jimenez; Xian Mayo; Anna Luiza De Fátima Pinho Lins Gryschek; Erica Pereira; Pedro Alcaraz; Antonino Bianco; Antonio Paoli; Julio Papeschi; Luiz Carlos Carnevali Junior. Resistance Training Safety during and after the SARS-Cov-2 Outbreak: Practical Recommendations. BioMed Research International 2020, 2020, 1 -7.
AMA StylePaulo Gentil, Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira, Daniel Souza, Alfonso Jimenez, Xian Mayo, Anna Luiza De Fátima Pinho Lins Gryschek, Erica Pereira, Pedro Alcaraz, Antonino Bianco, Antonio Paoli, Julio Papeschi, Luiz Carlos Carnevali Junior. Resistance Training Safety during and after the SARS-Cov-2 Outbreak: Practical Recommendations. BioMed Research International. 2020; 2020 ():1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StylePaulo Gentil; Claudio Andre Barbosa De Lira; Daniel Souza; Alfonso Jimenez; Xian Mayo; Anna Luiza De Fátima Pinho Lins Gryschek; Erica Pereira; Pedro Alcaraz; Antonino Bianco; Antonio Paoli; Julio Papeschi; Luiz Carlos Carnevali Junior. 2020. "Resistance Training Safety during and after the SARS-Cov-2 Outbreak: Practical Recommendations." BioMed Research International 2020, no. : 1-7.
Sedentary behaviour (SB) has been identified as an important mortality risk factor. Health organizations have recognised SB as a public health challenge with major health, social, and economic consequences. Researchers have alerted the need to develop specific strategies, to monitor, prevent, and reduce SB. However, there is no systematic analysis of the SB changes in European Union adults. We aimed to examine SB changes between 2002 and 2017 in the European Union (EU) adult population. SB prevalence (>4h30mins of sitting time/day) of 96,004 adults as a whole sample and country-by-country was analysed in 2002, 2005, 2013, and 2017 of the Sport and Physical Activity EU Special Eurobarometers’ data. The SB question of a modified version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was considered. SB prevalence between countries and within years was analysed with a χ2 test, and SB between genders was analysed with the Z-Score test for two population proportions. An association between the SB prevalence and the years was found (p < 0.001), with increases for the whole sample (2002: 49.3%, 48.5–50.0 95% confidence interval (CI); 2017: 54.5%, 53.9–55.0 95% CI) and men (2002: 51.2%, 50.0–52.4 95% CI; 2017: 55.8%, 55.0–56.7 95% CI) and women (2002: 47.6%, 46.6–48.7 95% CI; 2017: 53.4%, 52.6–54.1 95% CI) separately. The adjusted standardised residuals showed an increase in the observed prevalence versus the expected during 2013 and 2017 for the whole sample and women and during 2017 for men. For all years, differences were observed in the SB prevalence between countries for the whole sample, and men and women separately (p < 0.001). Besides, the SB prevalence was always higher in men versus women in the overall EU sample (p < 0.001). SB prevalence increased between 2002 and 2017 for the EU as a whole and for both sexes separately. Additionally, differences in SB prevalence were observed for all years between EU countries in the whole sample and both sexes separately. Lastly, SB was consistently higher in men than women. These findings reveal a limited impact of current policies and interventions to tackle SB at the EU population level.
A. López-Valenciano; X. Mayo; G. Liguori; R. J. Copeland; M. Lamb; Alfonso Jimenez. Changes in sedentary behaviour in European Union adults between 2002 and 2017. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1 -10.
AMA StyleA. López-Valenciano, X. Mayo, G. Liguori, R. J. Copeland, M. Lamb, Alfonso Jimenez. Changes in sedentary behaviour in European Union adults between 2002 and 2017. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. López-Valenciano; X. Mayo; G. Liguori; R. J. Copeland; M. Lamb; Alfonso Jimenez. 2020. "Changes in sedentary behaviour in European Union adults between 2002 and 2017." BMC Public Health 20, no. 1: 1-10.
Despite that the health benefits of physical activity (PA) are clear, during the last years, a noticeable plateau or slight increase in physical inactivity levels in Spanish adolescents and young adults has been reported. In addition, there seems to be a progressive reduction of the total PA performed with age in both adolescent and young women as well as adult men. We aimed to analyze these changes with age in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a sample of Spanish adolescents and young adults within the age range of 15–24 years old (n = 7827), considering the gender and using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. For that, we implemented a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) considering both the gender and the age group surveyed. Generally, our findings showed a reduction in the daily MVPA performed from adolescence to young adulthood in Spaniards. Within these reductions, girls reduce their PA levels at a different age and pace in adolescence and young adulthood in comparison to boys. Though girls were less active than boys in the 15–18 year age range, these differences were no longer significant at older ages. Our results point out the necessity of implementing different policy approaches based on gender (i.e., for girls and young women), since reductions in the MVPA performed occur at particular ages and paces in comparison to boys and young men. This difference indicates that the traditional approach during adolescence and young adulthood is inadequate for tackling physical inactivity without considering the population’s gender.
Xian Mayo; Antonio Luque-Casado; Alfonso Jimenez; Fernando Del Villar. Physical Activity Levels for Girls and Young Adult Women versus Boys and Young Adult Men in Spain: A Gender Gap Analysis. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6265 .
AMA StyleXian Mayo, Antonio Luque-Casado, Alfonso Jimenez, Fernando Del Villar. Physical Activity Levels for Girls and Young Adult Women versus Boys and Young Adult Men in Spain: A Gender Gap Analysis. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):6265.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXian Mayo; Antonio Luque-Casado; Alfonso Jimenez; Fernando Del Villar. 2020. "Physical Activity Levels for Girls and Young Adult Women versus Boys and Young Adult Men in Spain: A Gender Gap Analysis." Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6265.
We aimed to analyse the acute effects of set configuration on cardiac parasympathetic modulation and blood pressure (BP) after a whole-body resistance training (RT) session. Thirty-two participants (23 men and 9 women) performed one control (CON) and two RT sessions differing in the set configuration but with the same intensity (15RM load), volume (200 repetitions) and total resting time (360 s between sets for each exercise and 3 min between exercises): a long set configuration (LSC: 4 sets of 10 repetitions with 2 resting minutes) and a short set configuration session (SSC, 8 sets of 5 repetitions with 51 resting seconds). Heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity, the low frequency of systolic blood pressure oscillations (LFSBP), BP and lactatemia were evaluated before and after the sessions and mechanical performance was evaluated during exercise. LSC induced greater reductions on cardiac parasympathetic modulation versus SSC after the session and the CON (p < 0.001 to p = 0.024). However, no LFSBP and BP significant changes were observed. Furthermore, LSC caused a higher lactate production (p < 0.001) and velocity loss (p ≤ 0.001) in comparison with SSC. These findings suggest that SSC attenuates the reduction of cardiac parasympathetic modulation after a whole-body RT, improving the mechanical performance and decreasing the glycolytic involvement, without alterations regarding vascular tone and BP.
María Rúa-Alonso; Xian Mayo; Jorge Mota; J. Derek Kingsley; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler. A short set configuration attenuates the cardiac parasympathetic withdrawal after a whole-body resistance training session. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 2020, 120, 1905 -1919.
AMA StyleMaría Rúa-Alonso, Xian Mayo, Jorge Mota, J. Derek Kingsley, Eliseo Iglesias-Soler. A short set configuration attenuates the cardiac parasympathetic withdrawal after a whole-body resistance training session. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2020; 120 (8):1905-1919.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Rúa-Alonso; Xian Mayo; Jorge Mota; J. Derek Kingsley; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler. 2020. "A short set configuration attenuates the cardiac parasympathetic withdrawal after a whole-body resistance training session." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 120, no. 8: 1905-1919.
This randomised controlled study examined the force–velocity relationship changes (force and velocity axis intercepts, slope and estimated maximum power) in response to 5-week training programmes differing in the set configuration. For each session, the traditional group performed 4 sets of 8 repetitions with 5 min of rest between sets and exercises, while the cluster group completed 16 sets of 2 repetitions with 1 min of rest between sets and 5 min between exercises. Both programmes were performed with the 10-repetition maximum load, including bench press, parallel squat, lat pull-down and leg curl exercises. Individual force-velocity profiles were obtained for bench press and squat using a linear velocity transducer before and after the intervention, along with lactate and mechanical performance during the intervention. Results showed in bench press similar changes of the force-velocity profile after both protocols (no shift of the slope and higher force and velocity axis intercept values). For the squat, significant changes in the slope (P = 0.001) and the velocity intercept (P = 0.002) towards a velocity profile were observed after cluster but not after traditional training. These results suggest that set configuration may modulate changes of force–velocity relationship, especially for squat.
Jessica Rial-Vázquez; Xian Mayo; James J. Tufano; Juan Fariñas; María Rúa-Alonso; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler. Cluster vs. traditional training programmes: changes in the force–velocity relationship. Sports Biomechanics 2020, 1 -19.
AMA StyleJessica Rial-Vázquez, Xian Mayo, James J. Tufano, Juan Fariñas, María Rúa-Alonso, Eliseo Iglesias-Soler. Cluster vs. traditional training programmes: changes in the force–velocity relationship. Sports Biomechanics. 2020; ():1-19.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJessica Rial-Vázquez; Xian Mayo; James J. Tufano; Juan Fariñas; María Rúa-Alonso; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler. 2020. "Cluster vs. traditional training programmes: changes in the force–velocity relationship." Sports Biomechanics , no. : 1-19.
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) considers physical inactivity (PIA) as a critical noncommunicable factor for disease and mortality, affecting more women than men. In 2013, the WHO set a 10% reduction of the PIA prevalence, with the goal to be reached by 2025. Changes in the 2013–2017 period of physical inactivity prevalence in the 28 European Union (EU) countries were evaluated to track the progress in achieving WHO 2025 target. Methods In 2013 and 2017 EU Special Eurobarometers, the physical activity levels reported by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire of 53,607 adults were analyzed. Data were considered as a whole sample and country-by-country. A χ2 test was used to analyze the physical inactivity prevalence (%) between countries, analyzing women and men together and separately. Additionally, PIA prevalence was analyzed between years (2013–2017) for the overall EU sample and within-country using a Z-Score for two population proportions. Results The PIA prevalence increased between 2013 and 2017 for the overall EU sample (p < 0.001), and for women (p = 0.04) and men (p < 0.001) separately. Data showed a higher PIA prevalence in women versus men during both years (p < 0.001). When separately considering changes in PIA by gender, only Belgium’s women and Luxembourg’s men showed a reduction in PIA prevalence. Increases in PIA prevalence over time were observed in women from Austria, Croatia, Germany, Lithuania, Malta, Portugal, Romania, and Slovakia and in men from Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, and Spain. Conclusions PIA prevalence showed an overall increase across the EU and for both women and men between 2013 and 2017, with higher rates of PIA reported for women versus men during both years. PIA prevalence was reduced in only Belgium’s women and Luxembourg’s men. Our data indicate a limited gender-sensible approach while tacking PIA prevalence with no progress reaching global voluntary reductions of PIA for 2025.
X. Mayo; G. Liguori; E. Iglesias-Soler; R. J. Copeland; I. Clavel San Emeterio; A. Lowe; F. Del Villar; A. Jimenez. The active living gender’s gap challenge: 2013–2017 Eurobarometers physical inactivity data show constant higher prevalence in women with no progress towards global reduction goals. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 1 -10.
AMA StyleX. Mayo, G. Liguori, E. Iglesias-Soler, R. J. Copeland, I. Clavel San Emeterio, A. Lowe, F. Del Villar, A. Jimenez. The active living gender’s gap challenge: 2013–2017 Eurobarometers physical inactivity data show constant higher prevalence in women with no progress towards global reduction goals. BMC Public Health. 2019; 19 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleX. Mayo; G. Liguori; E. Iglesias-Soler; R. J. Copeland; I. Clavel San Emeterio; A. Lowe; F. Del Villar; A. Jimenez. 2019. "The active living gender’s gap challenge: 2013–2017 Eurobarometers physical inactivity data show constant higher prevalence in women with no progress towards global reduction goals." BMC Public Health 19, no. 1: 1-10.
This study aimed to compare the goodness of fit and the reliability of different regression models for fitting the force-velocity relationship (FV) of bench press (BP) and squat (SQ). Additionally, the reliability of the position on FV of the velocity (V1RM) and the force performed with the 1RM (F1RM) was explored. Nine rugby players and 12 judokas participated in this study. The FV of BP and SQ were obtained twice by a protocol performed until the 1RM. Individual FV were fitted by linear (LM), quadratic polynomial (PM), and exponential models (EM). Adjusted coefficients of determination of LM and PM (medians higher than 0.919) were higher than for EM. The reliability was higher for LM in comparison with PM. The reliability of V1RM was not acceptable (CV% = 19 and 18% for BP and SQ). High reliability was observed for F1RM (CV% = 3 and 2% for BP and SQ) and for the ratio between F1RM and the force-axis intercept of FV (CV% = 2 and 4% for BP and SQ). The reliability of the relative values of F1RM around 92 and 87% of F0 for BP and SQ suggests the use of these values for monitoring resistance training programmes.
Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; Xian Mayo; Jessica Rial-Vázquez; Antonio Morín-Jiménez; Asier Aracama; Jose María Guerrero-Moreno; Slobodan Jaric. Reliability of force-velocity parameters obtained from linear and curvilinear regressions for the bench press and squat exercises. Journal of Sports Sciences 2019, 37, 2596 -2603.
AMA StyleEliseo Iglesias-Soler, Xian Mayo, Jessica Rial-Vázquez, Antonio Morín-Jiménez, Asier Aracama, Jose María Guerrero-Moreno, Slobodan Jaric. Reliability of force-velocity parameters obtained from linear and curvilinear regressions for the bench press and squat exercises. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2019; 37 (22):2596-2603.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEliseo Iglesias-Soler; Xian Mayo; Jessica Rial-Vázquez; Antonio Morín-Jiménez; Asier Aracama; Jose María Guerrero-Moreno; Slobodan Jaric. 2019. "Reliability of force-velocity parameters obtained from linear and curvilinear regressions for the bench press and squat exercises." Journal of Sports Sciences 37, no. 22: 2596-2603.
Xian Mayo; Gary Liguori; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; Fernando del Villar; Steve Mann; Alfonso Jimenez. A Modifiable Factors-based Model for Detecting Physically Inactive Individuals Using the Eurobarometer Survey. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2019, 51, 230 -231.
AMA StyleXian Mayo, Gary Liguori, Eliseo Iglesias-Soler, Fernando del Villar, Steve Mann, Alfonso Jimenez. A Modifiable Factors-based Model for Detecting Physically Inactive Individuals Using the Eurobarometer Survey. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2019; 51 (6S):230-231.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXian Mayo; Gary Liguori; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; Fernando del Villar; Steve Mann; Alfonso Jimenez. 2019. "A Modifiable Factors-based Model for Detecting Physically Inactive Individuals Using the Eurobarometer Survey." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, no. 6S: 230-231.
In judo, the attacking system is grounded on several determinants of the chances to throw. In our study, data regarding four determinants of the attacking system were collected in order to classify the standing scoring actions: the attacking type (direct/counter-attack), the throwing area (forward/backward), the technique’s category (based on motor criteria), and the lateral structure of fighting (contenders with a symmetrical/asymmetrical position). To study the usefulness of such an analysis, the standing scoring actions of the 2013 Judo World Championship were analyzed as an example of elite judo’s attacking system (n = 775). The Pearson’s chi-squared test and Cramér’s V were used to analyze the hypothesis of a uniform distribution or the association between variables and the strength of such an association, respectively. The scoring actions (p < 0.001) were mostly direct attacks (82.6%), in the forward throw area (57.5%), and in an asymmetrical position (67.2%). All of the variables were associated (p < 0.05; V = 0.11–0.54), with higher proportions of counter-attacks and attacks occurring on the backward thrown area during asymmetrical structures than the expected. Some categories of techniques were observed more than expected, depending on the symmetrical or asymmetrical structure. Our data augment the knowledge of standing judo by showing features of the attacking system, suggesting strategies for optimizing performance.
Xian Mayo; Xurxo Dopico-Calvo; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler. An Analysis Model for Studying the Determinants of Throwing Scoring Actions During Standing Judo. Sports 2019, 7, 42 .
AMA StyleXian Mayo, Xurxo Dopico-Calvo, Eliseo Iglesias-Soler. An Analysis Model for Studying the Determinants of Throwing Scoring Actions During Standing Judo. Sports. 2019; 7 (2):42.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXian Mayo; Xurxo Dopico-Calvo; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler. 2019. "An Analysis Model for Studying the Determinants of Throwing Scoring Actions During Standing Judo." Sports 7, no. 2: 42.
Mayo, X, Iglesias-Soler, E, and Kingsley, JD. Perceived exertion is affected by the submaximal set configuration used in resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 426–432, 2019—Previously, perceived exertion in submaximal resistance exercise protocols was reported to be affected by the intensity of load followed by work-to-rest ratio. Nevertheless, the effect of set configuration, which entails the metabolic, hormonal, and neuromuscular implication of the session, is currently unknown, despite the fact that perceived exertion discriminates these differences. We aimed to analyze the effect of 3 submaximal set configurations on perceived exertion and their relationship with velocity as a mechanical measure of fatigue. Seventeen healthy subjects (23 ± 2 years) performed with the 10-repetition maximum load on the leg press (211 ± 45 kg) a total of 40 repetitions with 720 seconds of rest in 3 randomized experimental sessions with the same work-to-rest ratio. The sessions consisted of an interrepetition rest design performing individual repetitions, a cluster design performing groups of 4 repetitions, and a traditional design performing groups of 8 repetitions. At the end of the session, the nonparametric analysis of variance–type test revealed differences between protocols (p < 0.001), with lower values of perceived exertion in the interrepetition rest design in comparison with the cluster design (p = 0.003) and traditional design (p < 0.001). In addition, Spearman's rank correlations (p < 0.001) were observed for the interrepetition rest design (rho = −0.72) and traditional design (rho = −0.8) between perceived exertion and velocity. Our findings suggest that the submaximal set configuration is a determinant of perceived exertion by itself, and that perceived exertion represents similar mechanisms as velocity, such as fatigue and certain characteristics of the session and the individual.
Xian Mayo; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; J. Derek Kingsley. Perceived Exertion Is Affected by the Submaximal Set Configuration Used in Resistance Exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2019, 33, 426 -432.
AMA StyleXian Mayo, Eliseo Iglesias-Soler, J. Derek Kingsley. Perceived Exertion Is Affected by the Submaximal Set Configuration Used in Resistance Exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2019; 33 (2):426-432.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXian Mayo; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; J. Derek Kingsley. 2019. "Perceived Exertion Is Affected by the Submaximal Set Configuration Used in Resistance Exercise." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 33, no. 2: 426-432.
The main aim of this study was to explore the variability in the load-velocity relationship through the use of multilevel mixed regression models. The relationship between relative load (% of one repetition maximum: %1RM) and velocity was obtained in a sample of high-level judokas and rugby players (8 women and 13 men) for the bench press (BP) and parallel squat (SQ). The load-velocity relationship for the squat was obtained for the external load (barbell load) and for the system mass (barbell plus body mass). The data were fitted by different multilevel mixed regression models. Including the sex factor in the models improved the goodness of fit for the BP but not for the squat exercises. All the models detected significant inter-individual variability in both intercepts and slopes (p < 0.05 in all the cases). A decrease of 0.15, 0.10 and 0.16 m/s of velocity for each 10% of increment in the relative load were estimated for BP and squat considering the external load and the system mass, respectively. The multilevel mixed regression models detected significant inter-individual variability in the slope and intercept of the load-velocity relationship what entails differences in the velocity associated with a fixed percentage (%) of the one-repetition maximum load.
Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; Xian Mayo; Jéssica Rial-Vázquez; Guy G. Haff. Inter-individual variability in the load-velocity relationship is detected by multilevel mixed regression models. Sports Biomechanics 2018, 20, 304 -318.
AMA StyleEliseo Iglesias-Soler, Xian Mayo, Jéssica Rial-Vázquez, Guy G. Haff. Inter-individual variability in the load-velocity relationship is detected by multilevel mixed regression models. Sports Biomechanics. 2018; 20 (3):304-318.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEliseo Iglesias-Soler; Xian Mayo; Jéssica Rial-Vázquez; Guy G. Haff. 2018. "Inter-individual variability in the load-velocity relationship is detected by multilevel mixed regression models." Sports Biomechanics 20, no. 3: 304-318.
Physical inactivity (PIA) is a mortality risk factor defined as performing lower levels of physical activity than recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). After 2002, the WHO released the WHA55.23 Resolution and the Global Strategy which produced several changes in policymaking, but with no subsequent analyses of the impact of these changes in European Union (EU) policymaking while examining PIA prevalence. PIA of 31,946 adults as a whole sample and country-by-country were analyzed in the 2002 and 2005 EU Special Eurobarometers. PIA prevalence between countries was performed with the χ2 test and PIA between both years and between genders was analyzed with the Z-Score test for two population proportions. A retrospective analysis of national plans was performed to interpret the suitability of such policy documents, considering changes in PIA prevalence. Differences in PIA prevalence were observed between countries (p < 0.001) and years (p < 0.001) for the whole sample and men and women separately. Within-country samples showed no differences for Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Portugal, and Spain (p > 0.05). When considering gender, there were no gender reductions in subsamples for Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, and United Kingdom, neither in Luxemburg for men, nor in France and Italy for women. When analyzing gender differences across the entire sample, PIA was higher in women than men for both years (p < 0.001). Greece and Luxemburg did not release national plans for promoting physical activity. While large differences in PIA prevalence between EU countries prevailed, the overall PIA descended between both years for the whole sample, men, and women. While this points out a general suitability of policymaking for reducing PIA, not all countries reported reductions in PIA for men, women, or both genders. Also, PIA levels were higher for women in both years, suggesting a less than optimal policy implementation, or lack of women-specific focus across the EU. This analysis helps to identify the strengths and weaknesses of PIA policymaking in the EU and provides researchers with targeted intervention areas for future development.
X. Mayo; F. Del Villar; E. Iglesias-Soler; G. Liguori; S. Mann; A. Jimenez. A retrospective analysis of policy development on compliance with World Health Organization’s physical activity recommendations between 2002 and 2005 in European Union adults: closing the gap between research and policy. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 1081 .
AMA StyleX. Mayo, F. Del Villar, E. Iglesias-Soler, G. Liguori, S. Mann, A. Jimenez. A retrospective analysis of policy development on compliance with World Health Organization’s physical activity recommendations between 2002 and 2005 in European Union adults: closing the gap between research and policy. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18 (1):1081.
Chicago/Turabian StyleX. Mayo; F. Del Villar; E. Iglesias-Soler; G. Liguori; S. Mann; A. Jimenez. 2018. "A retrospective analysis of policy development on compliance with World Health Organization’s physical activity recommendations between 2002 and 2005 in European Union adults: closing the gap between research and policy." BMC Public Health 18, no. 1: 1081.
We determined the effects of an acute bout of free-weight resistance exercise (ARE) on cardiovascular hemodynamics and endothelial function in resistance-trained individuals. Nineteen young, healthy, resistance-trained individuals performed two randomized sessions consisting of ARE or a quiet control (CON). The ARE consisted of three sets of 10 repetitions at 75% 1-repetition maximum for the squat, bench press, and deadlift. Cardiovascular hemodynamics was assessed using finger photoplethysmography. Forearm blood flow (FBF), and vasodilatory capacity markers, were assessed using venous occlusion plethysmography. Forearm vascular conductance was calculated by the division of mean FBF by mean arterial pressure. A two-way ANOVA was used to compare the effects of condition (ARE, CON) across time (rest, recovery). There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) decreases in mean arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance across conditions and time. There were significant condition-by-time interactions (p ≤ 0.05) for heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output after the ARE compared to the CON and rest. FBF was significantly (p = 0.001) increased during the recovery from ARE, as well as vasodilatory capacity markers such as peak blood flow (p = 0.05) and reactive hyperemia-induced blood flow (p = 0.0001). These data suggest that whole-body free-weight exercises acutely reduced blood pressure while simultaneously augmenting FBF, and vasodilatory capacity markers.
Yu Lun Tai; Erica M. Marshall; Jason C. Parks; Xian Mayo; Alaina Glasgow; J. Derek Kingsley. Changes in Endothelial Function after Acute Resistance Exercise Using Free Weights. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 2018, 3, 32 .
AMA StyleYu Lun Tai, Erica M. Marshall, Jason C. Parks, Xian Mayo, Alaina Glasgow, J. Derek Kingsley. Changes in Endothelial Function after Acute Resistance Exercise Using Free Weights. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology. 2018; 3 (2):32.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu Lun Tai; Erica M. Marshall; Jason C. Parks; Xian Mayo; Alaina Glasgow; J. Derek Kingsley. 2018. "Changes in Endothelial Function after Acute Resistance Exercise Using Free Weights." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 3, no. 2: 32.
The aims of this study were to compare the goodness of fit and the concurrent validity of three regression models of the force–velocity relationship in a unilateral knee extension exercise. The force–velocity relationship and the one-repetition-maximum load in the dominant and non-dominant leg were obtained in 24 male sports sciences students by a progressive protocol. Additionally, the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensor muscles was recorded. Individual force–velocity relationships were obtained by the linear, quadratic polynomial and exponential regression models. Although the adjusted coefficients of determination of all three models were high, the polynomial model’s coefficient was slightly but significantly higher than the rest of the models (p < 0.05), while the standard error of estimate was slightly higher for the linear than for polynomial model (p = 0.001). MVC was underestimated by F0 calculated from the linear and polynomial models, while the maximum power was accurately estimated by the linear model. In summary, while the polynomial model revealed somewhat better fit, the linear model more accurately estimates the maximum power and provides the parameters of apparent physiological meaning. Therefore, we recommend using the linear model in research and routine testing of mechanical capacities of knee extensors.
Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; Juan Fariñas; Xian Mayo; Luis Santos; Slobodan Jaric. Comparison of different regression models to fit the force–velocity relationship of a knee extension exercise. Sports Biomechanics 2018, 18, 1 -16.
AMA StyleEliseo Iglesias-Soler, Juan Fariñas, Xian Mayo, Luis Santos, Slobodan Jaric. Comparison of different regression models to fit the force–velocity relationship of a knee extension exercise. Sports Biomechanics. 2018; 18 (2):1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEliseo Iglesias-Soler; Juan Fariñas; Xian Mayo; Luis Santos; Slobodan Jaric. 2018. "Comparison of different regression models to fit the force–velocity relationship of a knee extension exercise." Sports Biomechanics 18, no. 2: 1-16.
Resistance exercise may lead to an aneurysm due to dangerous levels of systemic hypertension. Thus, a minimized pressure response during exercise may guarantee safer training. For that, we analyzed an interrepetition rest design (IRD) hypothesizing that it would produce a lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) response in comparison with a continuous design (CD). Additionally, we studied the effect of accumulated repetitions on the increasing SBP rate during the first continuous set. Fifteen healthy participants (age: 24 ± 2 years; SBP: 113 ± 8 mmHg) performed leg presses, with 40 repetitions and 720 s of total rest, structured in an IRD of individual repetitions (resting time: 18.5 s), and in a CD of five sets of eight repetitions (resting time: 180 s). Analyses reported an increase (p = 0.013) in the mean peaks of SBP in the IRD (162 ± 21 mmHg), versus the CD (148 ± 19 mmHg), while both augmented versus baselines (p < 0.001). Additionally, the linear model estimated a progressive increase of SBP of around 7 mmHg per repetition. Summarily, the IRD produced a higher mean of the SBP peaks during the 40 repetitions due to lacking the v-shape advantage in comparison with the CD.
Xian Mayo; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; J. Derek Kingsley; Xurxo Dopico. Interrepetition Rest Set Lacks the V-Shape Systolic Pressure Response Advantage during Resistance Exercise. Sports 2017, 5, 90 .
AMA StyleXian Mayo, Eliseo Iglesias-Soler, J. Derek Kingsley, Xurxo Dopico. Interrepetition Rest Set Lacks the V-Shape Systolic Pressure Response Advantage during Resistance Exercise. Sports. 2017; 5 (4):90.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXian Mayo; Eliseo Iglesias-Soler; J. Derek Kingsley; Xurxo Dopico. 2017. "Interrepetition Rest Set Lacks the V-Shape Systolic Pressure Response Advantage during Resistance Exercise." Sports 5, no. 4: 90.
We sought to determine the sex-specific effects of an acute bout of free-weight resistance exercise (RE) on pulse wave reflection (aortic blood pressures, augmentation index (AIx), AIx at 75 bpm ([email protected]), augmentation pressure (AP), time of the reflected wave (Tr), subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR)), and aortic arterial stiffness in resistance-trained individuals. Resistance-trained men (n = 14) and women (n = 12) volunteered to participate in the study. Measurements were taken in the supine position at rest, and 10 minutes after 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% 1-repetition maximum on the squat, bench press, and deadlift. A 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA was used to analyse the effects of sex (men, women) across condition (RE, control) and time (rest, recovery). There were no differences between sexes across conditions and time. There was no effect of the RE on brachial or aortic blood pressures. There were significant condition × time interactions for AIx (rest: 12.1 ± 7.9%; recovery: 19.9 ± 10.5%, p = .003), [email protected] (rest: 5.3 ± 7.9%; recovery: 24.5 ± 14.3%, p = .0001), AP (rest: 4.9 ± 2.8 mmHg; recovery: 8.3 ± 6.0 mmHg, p = .004), and aortic arterial stiffness (rest: 5.3 ± 0.6 ms; recovery: 5.9 ± 0.7 ms, p = .02) with significant increases during recovery from the acute RE. There was also a significant condition × time for time of the reflected wave (rest: 150 ± 7 ms; recovery: 147 ± 9 ms, p = .02) and SEVR (rest: 147 ± 17%; recovery: 83 ± 24%, p = .0001) such that they were reduced during recovery from the acute RE compared to the control. These data suggest that an acute bout of RE increases AIx, [email protected], and aortic arterial stiffness similarly between men and women without significantly altering aortic blood pressures.
J. Derek Kingsley; Yu Lun Tai; Xian Mayo; Alaina Glasgow; Erica Marshall. Free-weight resistance exercise on pulse wave reflection and arterial stiffness between sexes in young, resistance-trained adults. European Journal of Sport Science 2017, 17, 1056 -1064.
AMA StyleJ. Derek Kingsley, Yu Lun Tai, Xian Mayo, Alaina Glasgow, Erica Marshall. Free-weight resistance exercise on pulse wave reflection and arterial stiffness between sexes in young, resistance-trained adults. European Journal of Sport Science. 2017; 17 (8):1056-1064.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Derek Kingsley; Yu Lun Tai; Xian Mayo; Alaina Glasgow; Erica Marshall. 2017. "Free-weight resistance exercise on pulse wave reflection and arterial stiffness between sexes in young, resistance-trained adults." European Journal of Sport Science 17, no. 8: 1056-1064.
Kingsley, JD, Tai, YL, Vaughan, J, and Mayo, X. High-intensity interval cycling exercise on wave reflection and pulse wave velocity. J Strength Cond Res 31(5): 1313–1320, 2017—The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of high-intensity exercise on wave reflection and aortic stiffness. Nine young, healthy men (mean ± SD: age: 22 ± 2 years) participated in the study. The high-intensity interval cycling exercise consisted of 3 sets of Wingate Anaerobic Tests (WATs) with 7.5% of bodyweight as resistance and 2 minutes of rest between each set. Measurements were taken at rest and 1 minute after completion of the WATs. Brachial and aortic blood pressures, as well as wave reflection characteristics, were measured through pulse wave analysis. Aortic stiffness was assessed through carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV). A repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to investigate the effects of the WATs on blood pressure and vascular function across time. There was no change in brachial or aortic systolic pressure from rest to recovery. There was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in brachial diastolic pressure (rest: 73 ± 6 mm Hg; recovery: 67 ± 9 mm Hg) and aortic diastolic pressure (rest: 75 ± 6 mm Hg; recovery: 70 ± 9 mm Hg) from rest to recovery. In addition, there was no significant change in the augmentation index (rest: 111.4 ± 6.5%; recovery: 109.8 ± 5.8%, p = 0.65) from rest to recovery. However, there was a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the augmentation index normalized at 75 b·min−1 (rest: 3.29 ± 9.82; recovery 21.21 ± 10.87) during recovery compared with rest. There was no change in cfPWV (rest: 5.3 ± 0.8 m·s−1; recovery: 5.7 ± 0.5m·s−1; p = 0.09) in response to the WAT. These data demonstrate that high-intensity interval cycling exercise with short rest periods has a nonsignificant effect on vascular function.
J. Derek Kingsley; Yu Lun Tai; Jeremiah A. Vaughan; Xián Mayo. High-Intensity Interval Cycling Exercise on Wave Reflection and Pulse Wave Velocity. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2017, 31, 1313 -1320.
AMA StyleJ. Derek Kingsley, Yu Lun Tai, Jeremiah A. Vaughan, Xián Mayo. High-Intensity Interval Cycling Exercise on Wave Reflection and Pulse Wave Velocity. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2017; 31 (5):1313-1320.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. Derek Kingsley; Yu Lun Tai; Jeremiah A. Vaughan; Xián Mayo. 2017. "High-Intensity Interval Cycling Exercise on Wave Reflection and Pulse Wave Velocity." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 31, no. 5: 1313-1320.