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Co-production is a solution by which the government provides public services. Co-production theory is built upon Western experience and currently focuses on the types of co-production in different policy stages, the barriers and governance strategies for co-production. However, little attention is paid to how political background will influence the co-production process. To fill the gap, we analyzed a case of co-production that occurred in China, and we characterized the political background as consisting of three main political features: political mobility, central–local relations, and performance measurement. Based on an in-depth case study of a government project in a medium-sized Chinese city, the impact and the changes of political features affecting governmental projects in different co-production stages are analyzed and assessed. We find that political features play a critical role in the co-production of China’s large government projects and may separately and jointly affect co-production. Government performance measurement affects the co-design and co-implementation of projects. Political mobility and changes in local government and performance measurement also affect the co-implementation continuity of the project. Political focus affects the co-design of projects. Central-local relations influence the support from higher government and the actual practices of lower government in the co-implementation stage.
Wenting Ma; Rui Mu; Martin de Jong. How Do Political Features Influence the Co-Production of Government Projects? A Case Study of a Medium-Sized Chinese City. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7600 .
AMA StyleWenting Ma, Rui Mu, Martin de Jong. How Do Political Features Influence the Co-Production of Government Projects? A Case Study of a Medium-Sized Chinese City. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7600.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenting Ma; Rui Mu; Martin de Jong. 2021. "How Do Political Features Influence the Co-Production of Government Projects? A Case Study of a Medium-Sized Chinese City." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7600.
With the societal cracks resulting from decade-long neoliberal policies becoming increasingly visible in many countries, capitalism as the most suitable institutional system to produce material wealth, environmental sustainability and social stability has come under growing attack. This contribution examines what the growing army of recent heterodox scholars in economics and business have to say on what one could call ‘inclusive capitalism’. This concerns both the flaws in current capitalist systems and the behavioral assumptions that underpin it, as well as the possible institutional fixes they propose. I first sketch the background of the crisis surrounding capitalism, delve into its conceptual foundations and offer a working definition. I subsequently examine what social and environmental inclusion refer to and use Kate Raworth’s conceptualization of the doughnut economy as a point of departure to explore what ‘inclusive capitalism’ may imply. I also identify requirements for its implementation in institutional practices. It appears that ‘purpose’ rather than utility maximization or profit maximization is what novel economists and business scholars perceive as the key driver in ‘stakeholder-oriented capitalism’ or the ‘economics of mutuality’. Their claim is that at the end of the day this is not only a moral imperative for companies but also more beneficial for them in terms of long-term profitability. Moreover, they see a far more important role for government in shaping markets and leading the way into a more inclusive future than it is currently fulfilling. I argue that it is time for scholars in the field of public policy to take heed of these new theoretical developments in neighboring disciplines and respond to them.
Martin de Jong. Inclusive capitalism. Global Public Policy and Governance 2021, 1 -16.
AMA StyleMartin de Jong. Inclusive capitalism. Global Public Policy and Governance. 2021; ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartin de Jong. 2021. "Inclusive capitalism." Global Public Policy and Governance , no. : 1-16.
When the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic started to manifest itself across the globe at an unprecedented pace and magnitude, the various emergency response strategies pursued by highly affected countries in Europe raised many questions about their supposed effectiveness. To contain the outbreak, a rapid and adequate emergency response was vital to control emergent public health risks, but emergency management was challenged by large uncertainty due to many unknowns about crucial determinants of the outbreak, determining the effectiveness of the response, which was often derived from uncertain information. This paper aims to draw lessons from the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and it presents a review of strategies for emergency response pursued in eight European countries, including tipping points that triggered strategy shifts in emergency response. The paper shows that: (i) these countries have a culturally determined preference for policy response style (Mediterranean, continental and liberal style) depending on their relative scores on power distance and uncertainty avoidance, which (ii) is reflected in the initially adopted control paradigm and the associated strategy; (iii) Mediterranean countries (Italy, France, Spain) with high levels of power distance and uncertainty avoidance have a tendency to respond to new unknown situations by deploying strong rule-based regulatory systems which offer mental security and social order, whereas continental (Germany and Austria) and liberal countries (the Netherlands, the UK and Sweden) do this to medium and much lower extents.
Tom van der Voorn; Martin de Jong. Cope or Perish? Managing Tipping Points in Developing Coping Strategies for Emergency Response during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Europe. COVID 2021, 1, 39 -70.
AMA StyleTom van der Voorn, Martin de Jong. Cope or Perish? Managing Tipping Points in Developing Coping Strategies for Emergency Response during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Europe. COVID. 2021; 1 (1):39-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTom van der Voorn; Martin de Jong. 2021. "Cope or Perish? Managing Tipping Points in Developing Coping Strategies for Emergency Response during the First Wave of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Europe." COVID 1, no. 1: 39-70.
Most High-Speed Railway (HSR) station areas in China can be found at the urban periphery or in suburban areas, a phenomenon that has often been criticised. While debate about the influence these location choices have on the economic and sustainable development of cities rages on, little attention has been paid to the decision-making processes leading to these locations. This paper investigates these processes by comparing HSR stations in three cities: Shenzhen, Lanzhou and Jingmen. Our findings can help actors involved in making location choices develop awareness of different interests and create the conditions for successful development of HSR station areas.
Biyue Wang; Martin de Jong; Ellen Van Bueren; Aksel Ersoy; Yawei Chen. Unravelling Decision-Making Processes on Location Choices for High-Speed Railway Stations in China: A Comparison of Shenzhen, Lanzhou and Jingmen. Planning Theory & Practice 2021, 1 -22.
AMA StyleBiyue Wang, Martin de Jong, Ellen Van Bueren, Aksel Ersoy, Yawei Chen. Unravelling Decision-Making Processes on Location Choices for High-Speed Railway Stations in China: A Comparison of Shenzhen, Lanzhou and Jingmen. Planning Theory & Practice. 2021; ():1-22.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBiyue Wang; Martin de Jong; Ellen Van Bueren; Aksel Ersoy; Yawei Chen. 2021. "Unravelling Decision-Making Processes on Location Choices for High-Speed Railway Stations in China: A Comparison of Shenzhen, Lanzhou and Jingmen." Planning Theory & Practice , no. : 1-22.
City promotion, city marketing and city branding are all frequently mentioned and examined in the literature on urban governance. Based on the goals and characteristics of different city branding strategies, this study identifies a growing level of sophistication from city promotion via city marketing to city branding and proposes that the degree of urban development of cities is positively related to the use of branding strategies. This proposition is tested among 23 Chinese cities: 21 cities in Guangdong province and two in the Special Administrative Regions – Hong Kong and Macao. The results show a positive correlation between the use of city promotion, city marketing and city branding strategies and a city's level of urban development. Only the largest and wealthiest cities, and those with the strongest tertiary sector report on the use of policies which indicate city branding. The strength of the primary sector is significantly and negatively related to all three identified forms of branding strategy. Furthermore, significant positive statistical inter-relationships exist between the different branding strategies, which confirm the existence of complex relations and overlaps between them. Our findings suggest that local governments should align their city branding strategies with their development goals.
Wenting Ma; Martin de Jong; Thomas Hoppe; Mark de Bruijne. From city promotion via city marketing to city branding: Examining urban strategies in 23 Chinese cities. Cities 2021, 116, 103269 .
AMA StyleWenting Ma, Martin de Jong, Thomas Hoppe, Mark de Bruijne. From city promotion via city marketing to city branding: Examining urban strategies in 23 Chinese cities. Cities. 2021; 116 ():103269.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenting Ma; Martin de Jong; Thomas Hoppe; Mark de Bruijne. 2021. "From city promotion via city marketing to city branding: Examining urban strategies in 23 Chinese cities." Cities 116, no. : 103269.
Many local governments engaging in sustainable urban development also have a growing interest in becoming inclusive too, brand themselves as such and develop policies to become inclusive cities. However, knowing what exactly this entails and how it can be achieved is not always quite straightforward and requires thorough theoretical and empirical exploration. Consequently, we present a systematic deconstruction of the inclusive city concept in order to develop a better understanding of the main features and dimensions; this is done by means of both a bibliometric analysis and qualitative literature review. The results indicate that inclusiveness is multidimensional and comprised of spatial, social, environmental, economic, and political dimensions in which the characteristics of participation, equity, accessibility and sustainability are sometimes interwoven. Overall, the inclusive city is not merely a precondition for the creation of just space, well-being, and environmental responsibility, but also an opportunity to take stock of interests of stakeholders in cities and to create local public value. The findings have implications for urban policy and practice, more specifically, the clarification of the inclusive city concept and conceptual dimensions will provide significant reference for policymakers and practitioners to make prudent decisions in the process of creating an inclusive city.
Danni Liang; Martin De Jong; Daan Schraven; Lili Wang. Mapping key features and dimensions of the inclusive city: A systematic bibliometric analysis and literature study. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 2021, 1 -20.
AMA StyleDanni Liang, Martin De Jong, Daan Schraven, Lili Wang. Mapping key features and dimensions of the inclusive city: A systematic bibliometric analysis and literature study. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. 2021; ():1-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDanni Liang; Martin De Jong; Daan Schraven; Lili Wang. 2021. "Mapping key features and dimensions of the inclusive city: A systematic bibliometric analysis and literature study." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology , no. : 1-20.
China is often viewed as an emerging experimental base for transit-oriented development (TOD) practices because of its rapid urban growth and development of mass transit networks. The implementation of TOD can be heavily influenced by institutional barriers to urban growth. However, some newly emerging types of TOD practice allow planners and decision-makers to bypass some of the institutional barriers and achieve a certain degree of integrated development. Current academic literature, however, has little to say on how these informal institutional solutions go around these barriers. This article aims to fill this gap by examining three different types of TOD practice as applied in Guangzhou and Shenzhen. We analysed and compared the origins and effects of abovementioned informal institutional arrangements under entrepreneurial governance. We found that land value capturing can replace the existing governance mode in which local government heavily relies on revenue from land-leasing and realise better integration of transit and land development. We conclude with several suggestions for institutional reform based on these new types of TOD experiments.
Yun Song; Martin de Jong; Dominic Stead. Bypassing institutional barriers: New types of transit-oriented development in China. Cities 2021, 113, 103177 .
AMA StyleYun Song, Martin de Jong, Dominic Stead. Bypassing institutional barriers: New types of transit-oriented development in China. Cities. 2021; 113 ():103177.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun Song; Martin de Jong; Dominic Stead. 2021. "Bypassing institutional barriers: New types of transit-oriented development in China." Cities 113, no. : 103177.
Sustainable transport typically requires a broad spectrum of policy measures, with responsibilities shared by different authorities and with various public values competed with each other, such as commuting, health, spatial quality, and economic development. Designing and implementing integrated policy packages, with consideration for the interdependencies between measures and actors is a promising approach and thus an interesting research topic. A large part of the literature on transport policy looks at separate measures and their effects. These measures in reality always work in constellation with other measures and understanding their dependencies in a way to create synergies through packaging has been the topic of theoretical discussions. However, empirical research on policy packaging is sorely lacking. In this paper, we examine the implementation process of packaging of TM measures from the perspective of actors and their distinct roles and interactions. The data is collected by document analysis and interviews with officers in a Chinese city. Several major problems threatening the implementation of policy packaging are detected, including overlooking implementation at district-level, resource competition between measures, and the absence of integrative supervision. It provides a first answer to the discrepancy occurring in the promise of real-world crafting of well-integrated policies for sustainable mobility.
Wei Yang; Wijnand Veeneman; Martin de Jong; Yun Song. Integrated transport management: Lessons from a Chinese city. Research in Transportation Economics 2020, 83, 100918 .
AMA StyleWei Yang, Wijnand Veeneman, Martin de Jong, Yun Song. Integrated transport management: Lessons from a Chinese city. Research in Transportation Economics. 2020; 83 ():100918.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei Yang; Wijnand Veeneman; Martin de Jong; Yun Song. 2020. "Integrated transport management: Lessons from a Chinese city." Research in Transportation Economics 83, no. : 100918.
Along with unprecedented urbanization in the last few decades, cities have experienced rapid social and economic transformation in China. A major challenge facing urban authorities in the immediate future is how to plan and govern cities such that they can serve as inclusive systems where everyone is enabled and empowered to fully participate in and contribute to socioeconomic life. A first step towards realizing this is to conceptualize an integrated framework that allows analysts and decision-makers to delineate, evaluate, and guide the development of these cities towards inclusiveness. In this study, we conducted a conceptual analysis of urban inclusiveness and then proposed a multidimensional framework for the evaluation of inclusive development. This is followed by the presentation of the case of Xiong’an, for which inclusive development indicators (IDIs) were selected. By comparing the state before the establishment of Xiong’an with its current development progress, and analyzing the area’s management structure and policy measures, the inclusive development challenges are identified. Subsequently, suggestions are given on how to direct Xiong’an toward higher levels of inclusiveness, including offering equal access to public services and employment opportunities, preserving environmental health and sustainable use of natural resources through waste recycling, and encouraging public participation in decision-making to bring higher levels of inclusion within reach.
Zhaowen Liu; Martin De Jong; Fen Li; Nikki Brand; Marcel Hertogh; Liang Dong. Towards Developing a New Model for Inclusive Cities in China—The Case of Xiong’an New Area. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6195 .
AMA StyleZhaowen Liu, Martin De Jong, Fen Li, Nikki Brand, Marcel Hertogh, Liang Dong. Towards Developing a New Model for Inclusive Cities in China—The Case of Xiong’an New Area. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (15):6195.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhaowen Liu; Martin De Jong; Fen Li; Nikki Brand; Marcel Hertogh; Liang Dong. 2020. "Towards Developing a New Model for Inclusive Cities in China—The Case of Xiong’an New Area." Sustainability 12, no. 15: 6195.
This paper introduces an indicator system to measure and assess smart city readiness. Analyzing smart city initiatives in Iran as case studies, the theoretical framework we present reflects on how cities explore the possibility of becoming smart, and prepare themselves to begin implementing the transition towards becoming a smart city. This theoretical framework is then applied to four Iranian cities aspiring to become smart and that already possess credible smart city brands. The findings reveal that the most significant difficulty in Iran is associated with the political context. The changing urban governance model is the most important factor in Iranian smart cities’ readiness. Utilization of open data policies and data sharing, as well as making reforms in government structures are all considered a sine qua non to gain momentum. Based on the results of our empirical analysis a Theory of Change is developed to address the cities’ technological, socio-economic, and political readiness vis-à-vis the desired transition. The framework for measuring smart city readiness and the Theory of Change provide practical guidelines to developing systematic roadmaps for developing and implementing smart city policies.
Negar Noori; Martin De Jong; Thomas Hoppe. Towards an Integrated Framework to Measure Smart City Readiness: The Case of Iranian Cities. Smart Cities 2020, 3, 676 -704.
AMA StyleNegar Noori, Martin De Jong, Thomas Hoppe. Towards an Integrated Framework to Measure Smart City Readiness: The Case of Iranian Cities. Smart Cities. 2020; 3 (3):676-704.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNegar Noori; Martin De Jong; Thomas Hoppe. 2020. "Towards an Integrated Framework to Measure Smart City Readiness: The Case of Iranian Cities." Smart Cities 3, no. 3: 676-704.
In this chapter, Li Sun, Haiyan Lu and Martin de Jong discuss the role of public and private actors in three eco-city projects in China. Although these eco-city projects are often state-led, the chapter shows how planners, experts, private investors, and citizens are becoming increasingly involved in financing these projects and in knowledge sharing.
Haiyan Lu; Li Sun; Martin De Jong. The Impact of Public and Private Partnerships on the Liveability of Eco-Cities in China’s Pearl River Delta. Partnerships for Livable Cities 2020, 81 -99.
AMA StyleHaiyan Lu, Li Sun, Martin De Jong. The Impact of Public and Private Partnerships on the Liveability of Eco-Cities in China’s Pearl River Delta. Partnerships for Livable Cities. 2020; ():81-99.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaiyan Lu; Li Sun; Martin De Jong. 2020. "The Impact of Public and Private Partnerships on the Liveability of Eco-Cities in China’s Pearl River Delta." Partnerships for Livable Cities , no. : 81-99.
New towns are a major form of urban growth in China. In recent years, increasing numbers of large new town projects have been planned and built in and around existing cities. These new town projects have frequently been employed by city governments as central elements of pro-growth strategies, based on ideas of urban entrepreneurialism, which seek to promote economic growth, project a dynamic city image, and increase urban competitiveness. This article studies how the pro-growth, urban entrepreneurial approach affects the planning and development of Chinese megacities. A conceptual framework focusing on land-leasing revenue and new town development strategies is employed to explore the linkages between urban growth mechanisms and urban outcomes. Empirical material from four cities in the Pearl River Delta—Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Foshan, and Zhuhai—is presented. The analysis indicates that new town developments in these cities have different levels of dependency on spatial expansion and land revenue, and emphasize different issues of sustainable development in their plans. Cities with a lower dependency on physical and economic growth are be more likely to emphasize the quality of the built environment and address issues of sustainable urban development more closely when planning and implementing new town projects.
Yun Song; Dominic Stead; Martin De Jong. New Town Development and Sustainable Transition under Urban Entrepreneurialism in China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5179 .
AMA StyleYun Song, Dominic Stead, Martin De Jong. New Town Development and Sustainable Transition under Urban Entrepreneurialism in China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (12):5179.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYun Song; Dominic Stead; Martin De Jong. 2020. "New Town Development and Sustainable Transition under Urban Entrepreneurialism in China." Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5179.
Among known studies of city branding by Chinese megacities to realise urban transformation, there is no explorative study of how smaller Chinese cities engage in city branding and attempt to trigger industrial transformation. In response, this article presents an in-depth case study of city branding processes in a medium-sized Chinese city. Roles, resources and interactions among the city's stakeholders are analysed during the brand creation and implementation stages in two different economic city branding projects. The stakeholder involvement mechanisms we identify confirm that city branding creation in China primarily follows political rather than business channels. Chinese local public authorities and more specifically key politicians, departments, and public enterprises are core stakeholders in branding creation. However, this leads to challenges in the branding implementation, since key public sector players tend to withdraw themselves when implementation begins, leaving previously uninvolved private (and public) players to implement the brands. The unsuccessful transformation contrasts with those observed in Chinese megacities, where involvement of powerful corporations and support from higher levels of government are both much higher. It appears that the imperative of broad stakeholder involvement to make city branding successful as we know it for Western cities may also apply in medium-sized Chinese cities.
Wenting Ma; Martin de Jong; Mark de Bruijne; Daan Schraven. Economic city branding and stakeholder involvement in China: Attempt of a medium-sized city to trigger industrial transformation. Cities 2020, 105, 102754 .
AMA StyleWenting Ma, Martin de Jong, Mark de Bruijne, Daan Schraven. Economic city branding and stakeholder involvement in China: Attempt of a medium-sized city to trigger industrial transformation. Cities. 2020; 105 ():102754.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenting Ma; Martin de Jong; Mark de Bruijne; Daan Schraven. 2020. "Economic city branding and stakeholder involvement in China: Attempt of a medium-sized city to trigger industrial transformation." Cities 105, no. : 102754.
The emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) as the new paradigm of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and rapid changes in technology and urban needs urge cities around the world towards formulating smart city policies. Nevertheless, policy makers, city planners, and practitioners appear to have quite different expectations from what smart cities can offer them. This has led to the emergence of different types of smart cities and pathways of development. This paper aims to answer the research question: When comparing a selection of smart city projects, can we classify pathways for their implementation? We do this by using a cross-case research design of four cities to explore commonalities and differences in development patterns. An input-output (IO) model of smart city development is used to retrieve which design variables are at play and lead to which output. The four cases pertain to the following smart city projects: Smart Dubai, Masdar City, Barcelona Smart City, and Amsterdam Smart City. Our analysis shows that Amsterdam is based on a business-driven approach that puts innovation at its core; for Masdar, technological optimism is the main essence of the pathway; social inclusion is the focus of Barcelona Smart City; and visionary ambitious leadership is the main driver for Smart Dubai. Based on these insights, a classification for smart city development pathways is established. The results of the present study are useful to academic researchers, smart city practitioners, and policy makers.
Negar Noori; Thomas Hoppe; Martin De Jong. Classifying Pathways for Smart City Development: Comparing Design, Governance and Implementation in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4030 .
AMA StyleNegar Noori, Thomas Hoppe, Martin De Jong. Classifying Pathways for Smart City Development: Comparing Design, Governance and Implementation in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (10):4030.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNegar Noori; Thomas Hoppe; Martin De Jong. 2020. "Classifying Pathways for Smart City Development: Comparing Design, Governance and Implementation in Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dubai, and Abu Dhabi." Sustainability 12, no. 10: 4030.
Rapid urbanization in China has been accompanied by spatial inefficiency in patterns of human activity, of which ‘ghost towns’ are the most visible result. In this study, we measure the density and diversity of human activity in the built environment and relate this to various explanatory factors. Using the Pearl River Delta (PRD) as an empirical case, our research demonstrates the distribution of human activity by multi-source data and then explores its dynamics within these areas. This empirical study is comprised of two parts. The first part explores location information regarding human activity in urbanized areas and shows density and diversity. Regression models are applied to explore how density and diversity are affected by urban scale, morphology and by a city’s administrative level. Results indicate that: 1) cities with smaller populations are more likely to be faced with lower density and diversity, but they derive greater marginal benefits from improving land use efficiency; 2) the compactness of the layout of urban land, an index reflecting the plane shapes of the built environment, is highly correlated with density and diversity in built-up areas; and 3) the administrative importance of a city has a significant and positive impact on the density of human activity, but no obvious influence on its diversity.
Miaoxi Zhao; Gaofeng Xu; Martin De Jong; Xinjian Li; Pingcheng Zhang. Examining the Density and Diversity of Human Activity in the Built Environment: The Case of the Pearl River Delta, China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 3700 .
AMA StyleMiaoxi Zhao, Gaofeng Xu, Martin De Jong, Xinjian Li, Pingcheng Zhang. Examining the Density and Diversity of Human Activity in the Built Environment: The Case of the Pearl River Delta, China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (9):3700.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiaoxi Zhao; Gaofeng Xu; Martin De Jong; Xinjian Li; Pingcheng Zhang. 2020. "Examining the Density and Diversity of Human Activity in the Built Environment: The Case of the Pearl River Delta, China." Sustainability 12, no. 9: 3700.
Government interventions can affect processes of technological transition through the enactment of legal and other policy instruments. In this contribution, we concentrated on legal interventions only and examined what they were, the relation between the public and private players that they affected, and the nature of the incentive they provided. We did this for four historical cases in the world of utility industries in the Netherlands in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The summarizing results for each case appeared in overview tables which eventually showed whether most of the administered stimuli were negative, neutral, or positive for the action alternatives of the innovating players, and thus the further development of the newly emerging technology. It is hard to escape the conclusion that the common argument and rhetoric that governments normally aim to propel industrial progress by opening a variety of options for innovating private players rings hollow when analyzed more systematically. A higher number of the incentives we found across the four cases were negative rather than positive, while some cases had only negative incentives and none had more positive than negative incentives.
Helen Stout; Martin De Jong. Exploring the Impact of Government Regulation on Technological Transitions; a Historical Perspective on Innovation in the Dutch Network-Based Industries. Laws 2020, 9, 11 .
AMA StyleHelen Stout, Martin De Jong. Exploring the Impact of Government Regulation on Technological Transitions; a Historical Perspective on Innovation in the Dutch Network-Based Industries. Laws. 2020; 9 (2):11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelen Stout; Martin De Jong. 2020. "Exploring the Impact of Government Regulation on Technological Transitions; a Historical Perspective on Innovation in the Dutch Network-Based Industries." Laws 9, no. 2: 11.
The emergence and expansion of clusters of large metropolitan areas also known as Mega City Regions (MCRs) is a worldwide phenomenon. In China, governmental attempts are made to develop so-called regional brand identities for them. Regional brand identities, as a subspecies of place brand identities, differ from regional identities in the sense that they are the result of conscious branding efforts on the part of public authorities rather than more historically evolved regional identities as experienced by citizens. In this study, the establishment of regional brand identities for three MCRs in China is examined, as these are constituted through and institutionally embedded in intergovernmental relations. We map the perceptions of national, provincial and municipal governments of regional brand identities based on planning documents and relevant interviews. The emergence and stabilization of the regional profiles for China's largest MCRs Pearl River Delta (PRD), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Jing-Jin-Ji (JJJ) are featured in their dynamic territorial boundaries, centralized institutionalization and various symbolic meanings. The national government promotes the regional brands to reinforce the strategic awareness and future direction of the region, and these profiles are diffused at the provincial and municipal level.
Haiyan Lu; Martin de Jong; Yun Song; Miaoxi Zhao. The multi-level governance of formulating regional brand identities: Evidence from three Mega City Regions in China. Cities 2020, 100, 102668 .
AMA StyleHaiyan Lu, Martin de Jong, Yun Song, Miaoxi Zhao. The multi-level governance of formulating regional brand identities: Evidence from three Mega City Regions in China. Cities. 2020; 100 ():102668.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaiyan Lu; Martin de Jong; Yun Song; Miaoxi Zhao. 2020. "The multi-level governance of formulating regional brand identities: Evidence from three Mega City Regions in China." Cities 100, no. : 102668.
In comparison with coastal zones, islands are even more vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance, especially to tourism and tourism-induced activities. Despite a great number of studies on either island tourism or island vulnerability reviewed in this paper, knowledge and practice of the impact from tourism upon island ecological vulnerability (IEV) still needs to be expanded. In this contribution, the IEV of four administrative regions in Zhoushan, China is assessed between 2012 and 2017 based on an “exposure (E)-sensitivity (S)-adaptive capacity (A)” framework and by means of coupling coordination degree modeling (CCDM) for determination of the overall development level of E-S-A subsystems in each region. The assessment results show that: (1) An index system consisting of 1 objective, 3 sub-objectives, 7 elements, and 20 indicators can be established and tested to reflect the IEV to tourism; (2) As the most attractive tourist destinations, Shengsi and Putuo inevitably have the highest IEV values; (3) Dinghai’s moderate low level of IEV comes as a surprise, due to its direct connectivity to its neighboring coastal city of Ningbo; (4) The more balanced the coupling coordination degree (CCD) values among E-S-A subsystems are, the higher the IEV values in the four tourist destinations of Zhoushan. In conclusion, tourism can be a double-edged sword for islands, the overall benefits of which outweigh the negative impacts upon island ecological conditions.
Xin Ma; Martin de Jong; Baiqing Sun; Xin Bao. Nouveauté or Cliché? Assessment on island ecological vulnerability to Tourism: Application to Zhoushan, China. Ecological Indicators 2020, 113, 106247 .
AMA StyleXin Ma, Martin de Jong, Baiqing Sun, Xin Bao. Nouveauté or Cliché? Assessment on island ecological vulnerability to Tourism: Application to Zhoushan, China. Ecological Indicators. 2020; 113 ():106247.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXin Ma; Martin de Jong; Baiqing Sun; Xin Bao. 2020. "Nouveauté or Cliché? Assessment on island ecological vulnerability to Tourism: Application to Zhoushan, China." Ecological Indicators 113, no. : 106247.
A potentially attractive way for cities to maintain economic growth while reducing environmental harm is to let their production structures undergo industrial transformation, a process otherwise known as ecological modernization. This attraction lies mainly in the fact that residents, visitors and corporations prefer clean air, water and soil as a milieu to invest their resources in. Municipal governments can use city branding as an important instrument to force off such a transformation, if it is taken as a point of departure for the adoption of a strategy to which they are deeply committed and for the benefit of which they are willing to deploy their various policy instruments. In the literature on ecological modernization, five different pathways for industrial transformation in cities have been identified and these have been matched with city branding practices. In this contribution, the abovementioned conceptual framework is further detailed and specified to account for a variety in types of secondary and tertiary sector industries. In the empirical sections, all cities in the Chinese provinces Hubei and Hunan, where the transition from manufacturing to services is typically most pressing, are examined in terms of their industrial structures, pathways to industrial transformation and city branding choices. The results indicate, inter alia, that further subdivision of the secondary and tertiary economic sectors is useful in understanding key features of the transformation, and that different sub-pathways affect tradeoffs between economic expansion and ecological preservation differently. Branding practices among Hubei and Hunan cities also indicate that some industries are more easily embraced and utilized than others in establishing brand identities and adopting popular city labels.
Meiling Han; Martin De Jong; Minghui Jiang. City Branding and Industrial Transformation from Manufacturing to Services: Which Pathways do Cities in Central China Follow? Sustainability 2019, 11, 5992 .
AMA StyleMeiling Han, Martin De Jong, Minghui Jiang. City Branding and Industrial Transformation from Manufacturing to Services: Which Pathways do Cities in Central China Follow? Sustainability. 2019; 11 (21):5992.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeiling Han; Martin De Jong; Minghui Jiang. 2019. "City Branding and Industrial Transformation from Manufacturing to Services: Which Pathways do Cities in Central China Follow?" Sustainability 11, no. 21: 5992.
While the national discourse on ‘eco-civilization’ drives conceptual thinking on sustainable urban development in China, in practice a systematic implementation gap appears to exist when it comes to local implementation. This paper examines how the leakage occurring in the trajectory from central government ideas to municipal and district level construction projects can be explained. More specifically, it aims to spot whether it is merely the result of mismatches resulting from ineffective interactions among players in the policy process, institutional misalignment between policy goals and policy instruments, or even if the mobilization of bias in the policy process is systematic enough to justify a neo-Marxist explanation of the abovementioned implementation gap. I found two main sources of structural bias: capital accumulation in the mechanisms for urban development and power accumulation in the mechanisms underlying the administrative process.
Martin De Jong. From Eco-Civilization to City Branding: A Neo-Marxist Perspective of Sustainable Urbanization in China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5608 .
AMA StyleMartin De Jong. From Eco-Civilization to City Branding: A Neo-Marxist Perspective of Sustainable Urbanization in China. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (20):5608.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartin De Jong. 2019. "From Eco-Civilization to City Branding: A Neo-Marxist Perspective of Sustainable Urbanization in China." Sustainability 11, no. 20: 5608.