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XiaoMing Ma
School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China

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Journal article
Published: 11 January 2021 in Energy
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Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems have developed rapidly in China, and the issues on where to locate the solar PV stations become critical. In some provinces, the markets are already saturated, and even solar energy curtailment has occurred due to oversupply. Thus, depicting an efficient deployment picture of the solar PV stations in China is in urgent need. To explore this issue, a profit-maximizing model is proposed to optimize the allocation of solar PV stations and interprovincial transmission strategies. The profit of solar PV stations in each province/municipality is evaluated from both economic and environmental perspectives. The economic performance is evaluated by net present value and levelized cost of energy, and the environmental benefits refer to the abatement of CO2 emissions. The results show that the northwestern and northeastern regions are not suitable to further develop solar PV systems in recent years, while the developed regions including the Yangtze River Delta, Tianjin, Beijing, and Guangdong should be encouraged to deploy more solar PV systems, especially the distributed solar photovoltaics for the commercial/industrial sectors. In 2020, the newly-added installed capacity in Zhejiang, Shandong, Beijing, and Henan is supposed to excess 8500 MW.

ACS Style

Bo Bai; Yihan Wang; Cong Fang; Siqin Xiong; XiaoMing Ma. Efficient deployment of solar photovoltaic stations in China: An economic and environmental perspective. Energy 2021, 221, 119834 .

AMA Style

Bo Bai, Yihan Wang, Cong Fang, Siqin Xiong, XiaoMing Ma. Efficient deployment of solar photovoltaic stations in China: An economic and environmental perspective. Energy. 2021; 221 ():119834.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bo Bai; Yihan Wang; Cong Fang; Siqin Xiong; XiaoMing Ma. 2021. "Efficient deployment of solar photovoltaic stations in China: An economic and environmental perspective." Energy 221, no. : 119834.

Conference paper
Published: 13 December 2020 in Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences
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Waste management of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) after retirement is worrying as the wide application of electric vehicles. More and more attention has been paid to the remanufacturing of LIBs, because it can reduce the environmental burden of spent LIBs and the risk of raw materials supply when remanufacturing LIBs. This paper use the life cycle assessement to evaluate the environmental impacts and employ the process-based cost model to calculate the economic influence. Results show that remanufacturing NCM111 battery with pyrometallurgical recycling method could decrease the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission by 4.76% and reduce costs by 8.11%. In addition, this study uses sensitivity analysis method to analyze the influence of battery types. The cost of remanufacturing NCM811 is the least among three types of LIBs, which costs 19.72 dollars per cell. Remanufacturing NCM622 emits the most GHG among three types of LIBs, which emits 11,009.75 g GHG per cell. In a word, remanufacturing LIBs is environmentally-friendly and commercially-profitable.

ACS Style

Meihan Yu; Bo Bai; XiaoMing Ma. Evaluating Remanufacturing Lithium-Ion Batteries. Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences 2020, 77 -85.

AMA Style

Meihan Yu, Bo Bai, XiaoMing Ma. Evaluating Remanufacturing Lithium-Ion Batteries. Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. 2020; ():77-85.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meihan Yu; Bo Bai; XiaoMing Ma. 2020. "Evaluating Remanufacturing Lithium-Ion Batteries." Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences , no. : 77-85.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2020 in Energy
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China is actively supporting the electrification of passenger vehicles as it attempts to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the transportation sector. Through a hybrid life cycle assessment, this study aims to evaluate the CO2 emission reduction potential from this large-scale vehicle electrification. A comprehensive database of passenger electric vehicles sold in 2018 is established and future scenario analysis considering multiple technology advancements is integrated. The results indicate that this vehicle electrification fails to achieve emission savings in 2018, as extra emissions from manufacturing newly sold passenger electric vehicles exceed the avoided emissions from on-road vehicles. In 2030, the emission reductions could feasibly increase to 49.64 million tons and achieve up to 62.16 million tons in the optimistic scenario. By correlation analysis using market-based data in 2018 and scenario analysis in 2030, the fuel economy is identified as a crucial factor to deliver emission mitigation.

ACS Style

Siqin Xiong; Yunshi Wang; Bo Bai; XiaoMing Ma. A hybrid life cycle assessment of the large-scale application of electric vehicles. Energy 2020, 216, 119314 .

AMA Style

Siqin Xiong, Yunshi Wang, Bo Bai, XiaoMing Ma. A hybrid life cycle assessment of the large-scale application of electric vehicles. Energy. 2020; 216 ():119314.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siqin Xiong; Yunshi Wang; Bo Bai; XiaoMing Ma. 2020. "A hybrid life cycle assessment of the large-scale application of electric vehicles." Energy 216, no. : 119314.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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The photovoltaic poverty alleviation project (PPAP), as an integration of solar photovoltaics and poverty alleviation, has gained great attention since it was proposed in China. So far, four different modes of PPAP have been formed - household level, village level, jointly-village level, and centralized PPAP. A comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of different PPAP modes is essential to achieve the aim of getting rid of poverty in Chinese rural areas and to provide references for other developing countries. Therefore, this paper, for the first time, evaluates the economic performance of PPAP under the four modes. By employing cost-benefit analysis, this research elaborates on the effectiveness of PPAP from three aspects – cashflow, net present value, and payback period. The results show that the village level and the jointly-village level PPAP are the most effective modes. However, due to the overplus of installed capacity per household, the centralized PPAP, which is in line with the local governments’ income, becomes the most popular mode. Besides, bank loans can significantly increase the number of benefited households, and the beneficiary ratio is critical to the effectiveness of corporations’ participation.

ACS Style

Bo Bai; Siqin Xiong; XiaoMing Ma; Yushen Tian. Effectiveness evaluation of photovoltaic poverty alleviation project in China: From a capital perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 284, 124684 .

AMA Style

Bo Bai, Siqin Xiong, XiaoMing Ma, Yushen Tian. Effectiveness evaluation of photovoltaic poverty alleviation project in China: From a capital perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 284 ():124684.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bo Bai; Siqin Xiong; XiaoMing Ma; Yushen Tian. 2020. "Effectiveness evaluation of photovoltaic poverty alleviation project in China: From a capital perspective." Journal of Cleaner Production 284, no. : 124684.

Journal article
Published: 13 July 2020 in Energies
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As electric vehicles (EVs) have been widely discussed as a promising way to mitigate the effect of climate change, various policies have been implemented across the world to promote the uptake of EVs. Policymakers also paid attention to the density of public charging points. In this paper, we examined the impact of policies on EV markets in the post subsidy era with multiple linear regression analysis using panel data on 13 countries from 2015 to 2018. Five of the independent variables showed significantly positive effects on the 1% level in different regression models: fast/slow charger density, mandate, purchasing restriction and waiver. Subsidies showed significance only on 5% level for battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Financial stimulates have experienced a declining marginal effect, whereas a high density of fast chargers has the most significantly positive effect on EV uptake. This paper suggests policymakers can invest more in completing the public infrastructures of EVs, especially on fast charging points.

ACS Style

Jia Yao; Siqin Xiong; XiaoMing Ma. Comparative Analysis of National Policies for Electric Vehicle Uptake Using Econometric Models. Energies 2020, 13, 3604 .

AMA Style

Jia Yao, Siqin Xiong, XiaoMing Ma. Comparative Analysis of National Policies for Electric Vehicle Uptake Using Econometric Models. Energies. 2020; 13 (14):3604.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jia Yao; Siqin Xiong; XiaoMing Ma. 2020. "Comparative Analysis of National Policies for Electric Vehicle Uptake Using Econometric Models." Energies 13, no. 14: 3604.

Focus article
Published: 13 March 2020 in Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment
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ACS Style

Mengnan Li; Haiyi Ye; Xiawei Liao; Junping Ji; XiaoMing Ma. How Shenzhen, China pioneered the widespread adoption of electric vehicles in a major city: Implications for global implementation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 2020, 9, 1 .

AMA Style

Mengnan Li, Haiyi Ye, Xiawei Liao, Junping Ji, XiaoMing Ma. How Shenzhen, China pioneered the widespread adoption of electric vehicles in a major city: Implications for global implementation. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. 2020; 9 (4):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mengnan Li; Haiyi Ye; Xiawei Liao; Junping Ji; XiaoMing Ma. 2020. "How Shenzhen, China pioneered the widespread adoption of electric vehicles in a major city: Implications for global implementation." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment 9, no. 4: 1.

Journal article
Published: 23 November 2019 in Waste Management
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The environmental threats posed by spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and the future supply risks of battery components for electric vehicles can be simultaneously addressed by remanufacturing spent electric vehicle LIBs. To figure out the feasibility of battery remanufacturing, this paper quantifies the environmental impacts and costs of the remanufacturing of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide battery cells and compares the results with the production of batteries from virgin materials. Based on the EverBatt model, a China-specific database of hydrometallurgical remanufacturing process is established. The results indicate that the reductions in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by battery remanufacturing are 8.55% and 6.62%, respectively. From the economic standpoint, the potential cost-saving from battery remanufacturing is approximately $1.87 kg−1 cell produced. Through a sensitivity analysis, LIB remanufacturing is found to be economically viable until the purchase price of spent batteries rises to $2.87 kg−1. Furthermore, the impact of battery type variability is prominent, whereas the influence of recovery efficiency is limited.

ACS Style

Siqin Xiong; Junping Ji; XiaoMing Ma. Environmental and economic evaluation of remanufacturing lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Waste Management 2019, 102, 579 -586.

AMA Style

Siqin Xiong, Junping Ji, XiaoMing Ma. Environmental and economic evaluation of remanufacturing lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles. Waste Management. 2019; 102 ():579-586.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siqin Xiong; Junping Ji; XiaoMing Ma. 2019. "Environmental and economic evaluation of remanufacturing lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles." Waste Management 102, no. : 579-586.

Journal article
Published: 03 March 2019 in Energies
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Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are seen as the most promising alternatives to internal combustion vehicles, as a means to reduce the energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transportation sector. To provide the basis for preferable decisions among these vehicle technologies, an environmental benefit evaluation should be conducted. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) are two most often applied batteries to power these vehicles. Given this context, this study aims to compare life cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of BEVs and PHEVs, both of which are powered by LFP and NMC batteries. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses are conducted, concerning electricity generation mix, lifetime mileage, utility factor, and battery recycling. BEVs are found to be less emission-intensive than PHEVs given the existing and near-future electricity generation mix in China, and the energy consumption and GHG emissions of a BEV are about 3.04% (NMC) to 9.57% (LFP) and 15.95% (NMC) to 26.32% (LFP) lower, respectively, than those of a PHEV.

ACS Style

Siqin Xiong; Junping Ji; XiaoMing Ma. Comparative Life Cycle Energy and GHG Emission Analysis for BEVs and PhEVs: A Case Study in China. Energies 2019, 12, 834 .

AMA Style

Siqin Xiong, Junping Ji, XiaoMing Ma. Comparative Life Cycle Energy and GHG Emission Analysis for BEVs and PhEVs: A Case Study in China. Energies. 2019; 12 (5):834.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siqin Xiong; Junping Ji; XiaoMing Ma. 2019. "Comparative Life Cycle Energy and GHG Emission Analysis for BEVs and PhEVs: A Case Study in China." Energies 12, no. 5: 834.

Journal article
Published: 08 December 2017 in Sustainability
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Industrial structure is one of the main factors that determine energy consumption. Based on China’s energy consumption in 2015 and the goals in 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China (The 13th Five-Year Plan), this paper established an input–output fuzzy multi-objective optimization model to estimate the potential impacts of China’s industrial structure on energy consumption in 2015. Results showed that adjustments to industrial structure could save energy by 19% (1129.17 million ton standard coal equivalent (Mtce)). Second, China’s equipment manufacturing industry has a large potential to save energy. Third, the development of several high energy intensive and high carbon intensive sectors needs to be strictly controlled, including Sector 25 (electricity, heat production, and supply industry), Sector 11 (manufacture of paper and stationery, printing), and Sector 14 (non-metallic mineral products industry). Fourth, the territory industry in China has a great potential for energy saving, while its internal structure still needs to be upgraded. Finally, we provide policy suggestions that may be adopted to reduce energy consumption by adjusting China’s industrial structure.

ACS Style

Yushen Tian; Siqin Xiong; XiaoMing Ma. Analysis of the Potential Impacts on China’s Industrial Structure in Energy Consumption. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2284 .

AMA Style

Yushen Tian, Siqin Xiong, XiaoMing Ma. Analysis of the Potential Impacts on China’s Industrial Structure in Energy Consumption. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (12):2284.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yushen Tian; Siqin Xiong; XiaoMing Ma. 2017. "Analysis of the Potential Impacts on China’s Industrial Structure in Energy Consumption." Sustainability 9, no. 12: 2284.

Journal article
Published: 18 November 2017 in Sustainability
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To realize the sustainable development of energy, the Chinese government has formulated a series of national goals of total energy control and energy structure optimization. Under the national constraints, how to efficiently allocate the constrained total amount of energy consumption to each province is a fundamental problem to be solved. Based on a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model and a zero-sum game theory (ZSG), this paper constructs a weighted zero-sum game data envelopment analysis (ZSG-DEA) model to allocate the energy consumption quota. Additionally, this paper compares the results with the current administrative targets, to examine the efficiency and feasibility of each allocation mechanism. Finally, this paper employs the proposed model to determine the optimal energy structure for each province in China. The results indicate that by 2020, the national goal of energy structure adjustment will be realized, and energy structure will be diversified in most regions, whereas the coal-dominated status in primary energy consumption will not change. Additionally, the weighted ZSG-DEA model focuses on allocation efficiency while the government considers more regional economic disparity. Therefore, this study suggests a mixture of the two allocation mechanisms in accordance with specific conditions.

ACS Style

Siqin Xiong; Yushen Tian; Junping Ji; XiaoMing Ma. Allocation of Energy Consumption among Provinces in China: A Weighted ZSG-DEA Model. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2115 .

AMA Style

Siqin Xiong, Yushen Tian, Junping Ji, XiaoMing Ma. Allocation of Energy Consumption among Provinces in China: A Weighted ZSG-DEA Model. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (11):2115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siqin Xiong; Yushen Tian; Junping Ji; XiaoMing Ma. 2017. "Allocation of Energy Consumption among Provinces in China: A Weighted ZSG-DEA Model." Sustainability 9, no. 11: 2115.

Journal article
Published: 26 October 2017 in Sustainability
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In order to solve problems caused by climate change, countries around the world should work together to reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, especially CO2 emissions. Power demand takes up the largest proportion of final energy demand in China, so the key to achieve its goal of energy-saving and emission reduction is to reduce the carbon emissions in the power sector. Taking Shenzhen as an example, this paper proposed a stochastic optimization model incorporating power demand uncertainty to plan the carbon mitigation path of power sector between 2015 and 2030. The results show that, in order to achieve the optimal path in Shenzhen’s power sector, the carbon mitigation technologies of existing coal and gas-fired power plants will be 100% implemented. Two-thirds and remaining one-third of coal-fired power plant capacities are going to be decommissioned in 2023 and 2028, respectively. Gas-fired power, distributed photovoltaic power, waste-to-energy power and CCHP (Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power) are going to expand their capacities gradually.

ACS Style

Guangxiao Hu; XiaoMing Ma; Junping Ji. A Stochastic Optimization Model for Carbon Mitigation Path under Demand Uncertainty of the Power Sector in Shenzhen, China. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1942 .

AMA Style

Guangxiao Hu, XiaoMing Ma, Junping Ji. A Stochastic Optimization Model for Carbon Mitigation Path under Demand Uncertainty of the Power Sector in Shenzhen, China. Sustainability. 2017; 9 (11):1942.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guangxiao Hu; XiaoMing Ma; Junping Ji. 2017. "A Stochastic Optimization Model for Carbon Mitigation Path under Demand Uncertainty of the Power Sector in Shenzhen, China." Sustainability 9, no. 11: 1942.

Journal article
Published: 04 January 2011 in Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China
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The rapid urbanization of China is causing a burden on their water resources and hindering their sustainable development. This paper analyzes effective methods to integrated river basin management (IRBM) using Longgang River basin of Shenzhen as an example, which is the city with the fastest rate of urbanization in China and even the whole world. Over the past 20 years, China has undergone a population boom due to the increase of immigrant workers and rapid development of laborintensive industries, which led to the sharp increase of water consumption and sewage discharge. However, the construction of the water infrastructure is still lagging far behind the environmental and social development, with only 32.7% of sewage in the district being treated. Currently, every water quality indicator of the Longgang River basin was unable to meet the required corresponding environmental standards, which further aggravated the water shortages of the region. Thus, an analytical framework is proposed to address the IRBM of the study area. The problems with the current management system include the lack of decentralization in decision-making, lack of enforcement with redundant plans, weak management capacity, financial inadequacy, and a poor system of stakeholder participation. In light of the principles of IRBM and the situation of the region, corresponding measures are put forward, including an increase of power given to sub-district offices, fewer but more feasible plans, capacity building among stakeholders, a combination of planning and marketing for overcoming financial inadequacy, and profound reform in the public participation system. The framework and institutional suggestions could inform similar processes in other representative river basins.

ACS Style

Lei Liu; XiaoMing Ma. Integrated river basin management in rapidly urbanizing areas: a case of Shenzhen, China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China 2011, 5, 243 -254.

AMA Style

Lei Liu, XiaoMing Ma. Integrated river basin management in rapidly urbanizing areas: a case of Shenzhen, China. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China. 2011; 5 (2):243-254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei Liu; XiaoMing Ma. 2011. "Integrated river basin management in rapidly urbanizing areas: a case of Shenzhen, China." Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China 5, no. 2: 243-254.

Journal article
Published: 30 November 2010 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Severe industrial pollution has largely hindered the sustainable development of China. Taking Shenzhen’s electroplating industry as a case, this article investigates the current status of the industry and proposes a specialized policy framework to push its environmental innovation. There is a relatively complete environmental management system in Shenzhen’s government, but it does not work well when dealing with the electroplating industry, mainly because it lacks regulation aiming at production technology, which is the underlying decisive factor of the environmental performance of the industry. So, we first develop an evaluation criterion, which incorporates a technological index about whether enterprises engage identified obsolete technologies. With this evaluation criterion, enterprises are classified into “advanced” and “obsolete”. Then, we propose specific policy suggestions for different types of enterprises, including command and control mixed with economic tools, voluntary agreements, establishing electroplating parks, and improving current management system. Finally, we assess the impact of the policy proposal and prove it to be conducive to the sustainable development of the industry and conclude it from a more general perspective.

ACS Style

Lei Liu; XiaoMing Ma. Technology-based industrial environmental management: a case study of electroplating in Shenzhen, China. Journal of Cleaner Production 2010, 18, 1731 -1739.

AMA Style

Lei Liu, XiaoMing Ma. Technology-based industrial environmental management: a case study of electroplating in Shenzhen, China. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2010; 18 (16-17):1731-1739.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lei Liu; XiaoMing Ma. 2010. "Technology-based industrial environmental management: a case study of electroplating in Shenzhen, China." Journal of Cleaner Production 18, no. 16-17: 1731-1739.