Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Although raised levels of proinflammatory cytokines in BD have been reported, the pathogenesis is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of NFKB1 and NFKBIA polymorphisms and their single and combined analysis effects on susceptibility of BD in Turkish population. We analysed the distribution of NFKB1 ‐94 ins/del ATTG (rs28362491) and NFKBIA 3′ UTR A→G (rs696) polymorphisms using PCR‐RFLP method in 89 patients with BD and 190 controls in this population. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by calculating OR, and 95% CI via χ² test and using Bonferroni correction. According to the significant results of both single and combined genotype analysis, the frequencies of ins/ins genotype and ins allele of rs28362491 were significantly higher in patients with BD (Pc = 0.003, 0.004, respectively). Also, higher frequencies of the rs696 variant containing AA genotype was found in patients with BD (Pc = 0.0033), whereas no statistical significant differences in distribution of the alleles of rs696 polymorphism in patients and controls. In addition, according to the combined genotype analysis, the wild type of both rs28362491 and rs696 polymorphisms (ins/ins/AA genotype) was also significantly higher in BD cases (Pc = 0.044). Our findings prove that both single and combined genotype analysis of rs28362491 and rs696 polymorphisms indicate that the wild genotypes of both two SNPs (ins/ins and AA genotypes) and ins/ins/AA combined genotype are strongly associated with enhanced risk of BD in a Turkish population.

Keywords: Patients; Psoriasis; Pruritus

Background: Although chronic urticaria (CU) is a common and primarily affects females, there is little data on how pregnancy interacts with the disease.Objective: To analyse the treatment use by CU patients before, during and after pregnancy as well as outcomes of pregnancy.Methods: PREG‐CU is an international, multicentre study of the Urticaria Centers of Reference and Excellence network. Data were collected via a 47‐item‐questionnaire completed by CU patients who became pregnant during their disease course.Results: Questionnaires from 288 CU patients from 13 countries were analysed. During pregnancy, most patients (60%) used urticaria medication including standard‐dose second generation H1‐antihistamines (35.1%), first generation H1‐antihistamines (7.6%), high‐dose second‐generation H1‐antihistamines (5.6%) and omalizumab (5.6%). The preterm birth rate was 10.2%; rates were similar between patients who did and did not receive treatment during pregnancy (11.6% vs. 8.7%, respectively). Emergency referrals for CU and twin birth were risk factors for preterm birth. The caesarean delivery rate was 51.3%. More than 90% of new‐borns were healthy at birth. There was no link between any patient or disease characteristics or treatments and medical problems at birth.Conclusion: Most CU patients used treatment during pregnancy especially second‐generation antihistamines which seem to be safe during pregnancy regardless of the trimester. The rates of preterm births and medical problems of new‐borns in CU patients were similar to population norms and not linked to treatment used during pregnancy. Emergency referrals for CU increased the risk of preterm birth and emphasize the importance of sufficient treatment to keep urticaria under control during pregnancy.

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a clinically heterogeneous, mast cell–driven inflammatory disease in which disease expression, treatment response, and resistance are determined by distinct but overlapping immunopathogenic mechanisms. Growing evidence supports the existence of two principal molecular endotypes: type I (autoallergic) CSU, mediated by autoreactive IgE antibodies against self-antigens such as thyroid peroxidase and interleukin-24, and type IIb (autoimmune) CSU, characterized by IgG (and less frequently IgA or IgM) autoantibodies directed against IgE or its high-affinity receptor FcεRI. These endotypes differ substantially in biomarker profiles, clinical severity, and therapeutic responsiveness. Patients with type I CSU typically exhibit elevated total IgE levels, allergic comorbidities, and rapid, robust responses to omalizumab, whereas those with type IIb CSU more often present with low IgE, positive autologous serum skin test or basophil activation assays, thyroid autoantibodies, eosinopenia, basopenia, and delayed or insufficient responses to anti-IgE therapy. Importantly, accumulating data indicate that strict dichotomous classification is insufficient, as many patients display concurrent IgE- and IgG-mediated autoreactivity, supporting the concept of an immunological continuum summarized under the broader framework of “autoreactivity.” Beyond immunoglobulin-driven mechanisms, eosinophils, basophils, complement activation, and coagulation pathways critically contribute to disease amplification and treatment refractoriness. Biomarkers such as total IgE, anti-thyroid antibodies, eosinophil and basophil counts, C-reactive protein, and functional assays including ASST and BAT enable pragmatic endotype stratification and prediction of therapeutic outcomes. Integrating molecular endotypes with clinical phenotypes provides a rational basis for personalized management, allowing earlier identification of likely non-responders, optimization of omalizumab dosing, and timely consideration of alternative or emerging targeted therapies. This evolving endotype-guided approach represents a key step toward precision medicine in CSU.