Objective. To evaluate retinal vascular structural change in ocular Behcet’s using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and fluorescein angiography (FA). Methods. An analytic cross-sectional study of 37 eyes of 21 Behcet’s uveitic patients was performed. Foveal retinal thickness (FRT), perifoveal hypoperfusion areas in superficial capillary plexus (SCP), and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were measured with swept-source optical coherence tomography and OCTA. FA images were used for assessing the vascular features and correlation. Results. Twenty-one patients were enrolled (52.4% males). The average age at onset was 36.7 ± 12.93 years. The median of disease duration was 5 years (1–25). FRT was 118.1 ± 52.35 μm, which correlated with visual acuity (95% CI −60.47, −13.92). Using OCTA, the area of hypoperfusion in SCP (0.47 ± 0.17 mm²) was smaller than that in DCP (1.94 ± 3.87 mm²) (p<0.001). Superficial to deep capillary plexus nonperfusion (SCP : DCP) ratio was 0.57 ± 0.27 which had the positive coefficient correlation with visual acuity (95% CI −0.644, −0.015). Conclusions. OCTA is an alternative noninvasive method to monitor macular ischemia in Behcet. Behcet’s uveitis affects DCP more than SCP. Decreasing SCP : DCP ratio and decrease FRT correlates with poor visual acuity. Macular ischemia and DCP loss can be found early and can explain vision loss in Behcet.

Purpose of review: This article reviewed and summarized recent published data on ocular imaging findings and treatment of posterior segment manifestations of ocular metastasis. Recent findings: Advanced ocular imaging can help differentiate ocular metastases from other mimicking lesions, including primary intraocular tumors or infections. Recently, case reports have demonstrated the successful use of targeted systemic therapy to achieve local control of vitreous and choroidal metastases. Summary: Metastasis can lead to a wide variety of posterior segment ocular manifestations. The choroid is the most common metastatic site, whereas tumor metastasizing to the retina and optic disc are rare. Patients with possible metastatic eye disease are recommended to undergo extensive investigation to determine the underlying primary cancer and ongoing systemic metastases. Currently, there is no consensus on the treatment strategy. Treatment generally includes systemic chemotherapy in combination with local treatment, such as radiotherapy, laser therapy, or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment.

Trachoma surveillance is typically performed via random sampling of endemic districts. This strategy minimizes bias and allows examination of preschool children, but is also expensive. Surveillance for some other neglected tropical diseases is carried out in schools, which is logistically easier. In the present study, the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation–follicular (TF) from a population-based sample of children from each of 70 communities in Ethiopia was compared with the corresponding school-based estimate, which was calculated for each community by performing examinations in all primary schools in the district. The overall prevalence of TF was 39.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 35.0–43.1%) among children aged 1–9 years in the community-based sample and 18.8% (95% CI: 15.9–21.7%) among children in grades 1–3 of the school-based sample. School-based estimates of TF explained 35% of the variation in the community-based prevalences (P < 0.001). When TF prevalence was used as a diagnostic test for detecting a community with > 5% prevalence of ocular chlamydia, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.60–0.85) for the school-based sample and 0.71 (0.58–0.83) for the community-based sample (P = 0.76). Thus, although school-based monitoring was necessarily biased relative to population-based monitoring of 1- to 9-year olds, the two methods provided a similar amount of information about the community burden of ocular chlamydia in this trachoma-hyperendemic setting. The generalizability of these findings to areas with less prevalent trachoma is unclear.

Purpose: To investigate conjunctival sensation in patients with scleritis. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with scleritis. Conjunctival sensation was tested by Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer in four quadrants of the bulbar conjunctiva plus the area(s) of active or previously active inflammation; sensation was compared with the contralateral eye. Results: Of 28 patients with scleritis, nine had active scleritis and 19 had inactive scleritis. Eleven patients had a systemic autoimmune condition and five had infectious scleritis. The mean conjunctival sensation score of areas of inactive scleritis was significantly less than that of corresponding normal areas in the contralateral eye (p<0.001). Among patients with presumed herpetic scleritis, conjunctival sensation was significantly lower in the affected eye than in the unaffected eye (p<0.001). Conclusions: Conjunctival sensation is decreased in areas of previously active inflammation from scleritis. Eyes with herpetic scleritis had reduced conjunctival sensation, even in areas without previous active inflammation.

To identify ultrastructural changes, such as thermal effects and lens cortex penetration, to assess the potential benefits of CAPSULaser for future use in patients with complex cataract conditions. Histological examination of the CAPSULaser-treated tissue revealed sections of the anterior capsule, cuboidal epithelial cells, and lens cortex collagen fibers. The edges of the tissue were slightly bent toward the anterior side, displaying a thermal effect measuring 62.12 μm in width. The tissue strip showed irregular thickness, with a maximum lens cortex collagen fiber thickness of 237.1 μm. Under TEM, the capsular margins appeared fragmented, exhibiting bulbous edges and a bubbly appearance. In the cauterized areas, electron-dense materials obscured and distorted the attached epithelial cells and lens fibers, in contrast to the preserved central region. Conversely, light microscopy of the CCC specimen showed sharp, well-demarcated edges tapering from anterior to posterior, and it was thinner than the CAPSULaser specimen. Notably, the CCC specimen lacked lens cortex collagen fibers, consisting solely of the anterior capsule and cuboidal epithelial cells. Ultrastructurally, the CCC specimen's edges appeared angulated and well-dermacated. Our study indicates that the cauterized edges of the CAPSULaser specimen tend to fold toward the anterior side, emphasizing the role of collagen phase changes in enhancing tissue elasticity. This study reported both histopathological and TEM findings, particularly for CAPSULaser, offering valuable insights into the microscopic changes in the anterior capsule when comparing CCC and CAPSULaser.

Introduction: Toric intraocular lens (IOL) calculation has traditionally relied on anterior corneal astigmatism (KA), but recent trends emphasize incorporating posterior corneal astigmatism (PCA) and total corneal astigmatism (TCA). However, age-related changes and sex-based differences in PCA and TCA remain inconclusive due to limited sample sizes in previous studies. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study using biometric measurements obtained with the IOLMaster 700. Patients with warning and failed history of corneal transplant or keratoconus were excluded. The objective was to evaluate age-related changes and sex-based differences in KA, PCA, and TCA among patients undergoing cataract surgery at a tertiary care center in Thailand. Results: A total of 23,932 eyes were analyzed for KA, and 9,546 eyes for PCA and TCA. Data were visualized using double-angle plots. PCA demonstrated a distinctive three-point star distribution, predominantly oriented along the with-the-rule (WTR) axis, with against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism being rare in younger patients as illustrated in graphical Across KA, PCA, and TCA, the prevalence of ATR astigmatism increased in older age group, while WTR orientation decreased. A marked shift from WTR to ATR orientation was observed at different age thresholds: 60– 65 years for KA, 75– 80 years for PCA, and 55– 65 years for TCA. KA and TCA also exhibited a preferential shift toward superonasal oblique orientation with advancing age—a pattern not observed in PCA. No significant sex-based differences were observed in mean astigmatism vector distributions across age groups. Conclusion: Clinicians should account for age-related shifts in KA, PCA, and TCA when selecting toric IOLs, particularly in patients younger than 55 years. Preoperative counseling should address potential long-term shifts toward ATR orientation, which may influence visual outcomes in patients receiving toric IOLs aligned along other axes. Incorporating these changes into toric IOL formulae may improve patient outcomes. Plain Language Summary: In this study, we examined how the curvature and orientation of the cornea, specifically the anterior (front), posterior (back), and total corneal astigmatism, change with age and whether there are any differences between males and females. Astigmatism is when the cornea is not perfectly round, which can cause blurred vision. For patients undergoing cataract surgery, toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) are often used to correct this condition. Traditionally, surgeons have focused only on the front part of the cornea when planning for toric IOLs, but recent advances highlight the importance of also considering the back surface and total astigmatism of the cornea. By analyzing data from nearly 24,000 eyes, we discovered that astigmatism tends to shift in orientation as people age, from a with-the-rule (WTR) pattern commonly seen in younger patients to an against-the-rule (ATR) pattern in older adults. This shift happens at different ages for different layers of the cornea with changes showing as early as age 55. We also found that this shift often moves toward a nasal side in the front and total corneal surfaces, but not in the posterior surface. Importantly, we did not observe any meaningful differences between males and females. These findings suggest that age plays a significant role in determining astigmatism patterns and should be considered when selecting and aligning toric IOLs, especially for younger patients who may continue to experience changes in corneal shape over time. Discussing these potential future shifts with patients before surgery may help improve satisfaction and long-term visual outcomes.