During 1999–2012, 77% of the cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) were recorded in two out of 16 Polish provinces. However, historical data, mostly from national serosurveys, suggest that the disease could be undetected in many areas. The aim of this study was to identify which routinely-measured meteorological, environmental, and socio-economic factors are associated to TBE human risk across Poland, with a particular focus on areas reporting few cases, but where serosurveys suggest higher incidence. We fitted a zero-inflated Poisson model using data on TBE incidence recorded in 108 NUTS-5 administrative units in high-risk areas over the period 1999–2012. Subsequently we applied the best fitting model to all Polish municipalities. Keeping the remaining variables constant, the predicted rate increased with the increase of air temperature over the previous 10–20 days, precipitation over the previous 20–30 days, in forestation, forest edge density, forest road density, and unemployment. The predicted rate decreased with increasing distance from forests. The map of predicted rates was consistent with the established risk areas. It predicted, however, high rates in provinces considered TBE-free. We recommend raising awareness among physicians working in the predicted high-risk areas and considering routine use of household animal surveys for risk mapping.

Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) may affect neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. The mechanisms underlying these relationships are not currently known. We aim to assess whether PM affects the developing brains of schoolchildren in Poland, a country characterized by high levels of PM pollution. Children aged from 10 to 13 years (n = 800) are recruited to participate in this case–control study. Cases (children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)) are being recruited by field psychologists. Population-based controls are being sampled from schools. The study area comprises 18 towns in southern Poland characterized by wide-ranging levels of PM. Comprehensive psychological assessments are conducted to assess cognitive and social functioning. Participants undergo structural, diffusion-weighted, task, and resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PM concentrations are estimated using land use regression models, incorporating information from air monitoring networks, dispersion models, and characteristics of roads and other land cover types. The estimated concentrations will be assigned to the prenatal and postnatal residential and preschool/school addresses of the study participants. We will assess whether long-term exposure to PM affects brain function, structure, and connectivity in healthy children and in those diagnosed with ADHD. This study will provide novel, in-depth understanding of the neurodevelopmental effects of PM pollution.

(1) Background: The increase in cardiovascular risk related to air pollution has been a matter of interest in recent years. The role of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) has been postulated as a possible factor for premature death, including cardiovascular death. The role of long-term exposure to PM10 is less known. The aim of the study was to assess the individual relationship between air pollution in habitation and the development of coronary artery disease. (2) Methods: Out of 227 patients who underwent coronary angiography, 63 (38 men and 25 women) with a mean age of 69 (63–74) years, with nonsignificant atherosclerotic changes at the initial examination, were included in the study. The baseline and repeated coronary angiography were compared to reveal patients with atherosclerotic progression and its relation to demographic and clinical factors and exposure to air pollution in the habitation place. (3) Results: In the performed analysis, we found a significant correlation between Syntax score in de novo lesions and BMI (Spearman’s rho −0.334, p = 0.008). The significant and strong correlation between median annual PM10 values of 20 µg/m³ and at least 25 µg/m³ in air pollution and the risk of de novo coronary disease was noticed (Spearman’s rho = 0.319, p = 0.011 and Spearman’s rho = 0.809, p < 0.001, respectively). (4) Conclusions: There is a positive correlation between long-term exposure to PM10 air pollution and coronary artery disease progression, demonstrated by the increase in Syntax score. The presented analysis revealed increased morbidity at lower PM10 concentrations than generally recommended thresholds. Therefore, further investigations concerning air pollution’s influence on cardiovascular risk should be accompanied by promoting lifestyle changes in the population and revisiting the needs for environmental guidelines.

(1) Background: Estimates suggest that up to 10% of global annual cardiovascular deaths could be related to environmental factors. Not only air pollution components, but also noise exposure and climate changes, are highlighted as nontraditional causes of cardiovascular morbidity. The aim of this study was to identify possible urbanization risk factors for the progression of coronary artery disease in a group of patients with chronic coronary syndrome. (2) Method: There were 77 patients (50 (65%) males and 27 (35%) females) with a median age of 70 (60–74) years who underwent repetitive angiography due to chronic coronary syndrome between 2018 and 2022. The Gensini score was calculated for assessment of coronary artery disease advancement. Environmental factors including neighboring developments were taken into account in this analysis, including housing, commercial, and industrial developments within 300, 500, and 700 m distances (buffer) from the place of habitation. (3) Results: The multivariable analysis results for prediction of Gensini score progression in relation to 700 m buffer urbanization pointed out the significance of hyperlipidemia (OR: 4.24, 95% CI 1.34–13.39, p = 0.014), initial Gensini score (OR: 1.02, 95% CI 1.00–1.05, p = 0.112), and neighborhood housing (OR: 0.03, 95% CI 0.01–0.49, p = 0.025). (4) Conclusions: Hyperlipidemia and housing neighborhood can be regarded as possible factors for coronary disease progression in patients with chronic coronary syndrome with the use of optimal medical therapy.

Background: Traditional cardiovascular risk models focus on patient-related clinical variables, while the impact of long-term environmental exposure remains insufficiently characterized in post-revascularization populations. Objective: To evaluate the association between environmental exposure and long-term mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and to determine whether integrated environmental measures provide additional prognostic value beyond established clinical risk factors. Methods: This retrospective multicenter cohort study included 1042 consecutive patients undergoing CABG with a median follow-up of 8.1 years. Regional environmental data were linked to individual patients. Multivariable Cox regression models were constructed using a hierarchical approach. To address collinearity among environmental variables, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. Mean winter temperature was analyzed as a clinically interpretable proxy of overall environmental exposure. Results: During follow-up, 220 deaths (21.1%) occurred. Established clinical predictors of mortality included age, diabetes mellitus, peripheral vascular disease, and dyslipidemia. Individual environmental variables showed unstable associations due to collinearity. PCA identified a dominant environmental component explaining 82.0% of variance; however, its association with mortality did not reach statistical significance after adjustment (HR 1.17 per SD, 95% CI 0.98–1.39; p = 0.083). In contrast, higher mean winter temperature was independently associated with increased mortality (HR 1.24 per SD, 95% CI 1.05–1.48; p = 0.013) per 1 °C increase, with evidence of non-linearity. Conclusions: Environmental exposure represents a relevant component of long-term risk after CABG. While individual environmental variables are highly correlated and unstable, clinically interpretable measures such as winter temperature may provide practical support for risk assessment.

Background: Acute cellular rejection (ACR) after heart transplantation remains incompletely explained despite standardized immunosuppression. Environmental exposures may contribute to residual immune activation; however, prior studies have focused primarily on air pollution rather than residential land-use composition. Objectives: To determine whether buffer-specific residential environmental composition is associated with rejection risk and whether these associations are scale-dependent and domain-specific. Methods: In this retrospective single-center cohort study, 30 heart transplant recipients contributed 267 biopsy-linked observations. Residential land-use composition was quantified within 300 m, 500 m, 700 m, and 1000 m buffers and aggregated into five domains: trees, other green surroundings, roads, water, and industrial land. Associations with ACR were evaluated using clustered logistic regression models adjusted for time since transplantation. Results: The strongest and only statistically robust associations after FDR correction were observed within the 300 m buffer. Tree-dominant (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.22–1.65, q = 0.010) and industrial land exposure (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.28–1.76, q = 0.010) were independently associated with increased odds of ACR. At 500 m, the association with trees persisted nominally (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.03–1.88, p = 0.034), but did not remain significant after FDR correction, whereas water exposure showed a non-significant trend (OR 1.28, p = 0.057), which did not reach statistical significance. No associations were observed beyond 700 m across all models. Conclusions: Residential environmental composition may be associated with acute cellular rejection after heart transplantation in a scale-dependent manner, with signals confined to the immediate residential environment. Tree-dominant exposure within 300 m showed an association in clustered models; however, this finding was attenuated in mixed-effects sensitivity analyses. These results should be considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating study.