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Jing Yang
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Christchurch 8000, New Zealand

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Journal article
Published: 13 April 2019 in Water
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Soil moisture plays a critical role in land-atmosphere interactions. Quantifying the controls on soil moisture is highly valuable for effective management of water resources and climatic adaptation. In this study, we quantified the effects of precipitation, temperature, and vegetation on monthly soil moisture variability in an arid area, China. A non-linear Granger causality framework was applied to examine the causal effects based on multi-decadal reanalysis data records. Results indicate that precipitation had effects on soil moisture in about 91% of the study area and explained up to 40% of soil moisture variability during 1982–2015. Temperature and vegetation explained up to 8.2% and 3.3% of soil moisture variability, respectively. Climatic extremes were responsible for up to 10% of soil moisture variability, and the importance of climatic extremes was low compared to that of the general climate dynamics. The time-lagged analysis shows that the effects of precipitation and temperature on soil moisture were immediate and dissipated shortly. In addition, the effects of precipitation on soil moisture decreased with the increase of precipitation, soil moisture, and elevation. This study provides deep insight for uncovering the drivers of soil moisture variability in arid regions.

ACS Style

Yunqian Wang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Gonghuan Fang; Weili Duan; Yupeng Li; Philippe De Maeyer. Quantifying the Effects of Climate and Vegetation on Soil Moisture in an Arid Area, China. Water 2019, 11, 767 .

AMA Style

Yunqian Wang, Jing Yang, Yaning Chen, Gonghuan Fang, Weili Duan, Yupeng Li, Philippe De Maeyer. Quantifying the Effects of Climate and Vegetation on Soil Moisture in an Arid Area, China. Water. 2019; 11 (4):767.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yunqian Wang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Gonghuan Fang; Weili Duan; Yupeng Li; Philippe De Maeyer. 2019. "Quantifying the Effects of Climate and Vegetation on Soil Moisture in an Arid Area, China." Water 11, no. 4: 767.

Journal article
Published: 17 March 2019 in Water
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Understanding glacio-hydrological processes is crucial to water resources management, especially under increasing global warming. However, data scarcity makes it challenging to quantify the contribution of glacial melt to streamflow in highly glacierized catchments such as those in the Tienshan Mountains. This study aims to investigate the glacio-hydrological processes in the SaryDjaz-Kumaric River (SDKR) basin in Central Asia by integrating a degree-day glacier melt algorithm into the macro-scale hydrological Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. To deal with data scarcity in the alpine area, a multi-objective sensitivity analysis and a multi-objective calibration procedure were used to take advantage of all aspects of streamflow. Three objective functions, i.e., the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of logarithms (LogNS), the water balance index (WBI), and the mean absolute relative difference (MARD), were considered. Results show that glacier and snow melt-related parameters are generally sensitive to all three objective functions. Compared to the original SWAT model, simulations with a glacier module match fairly well to the observed streamflow, with the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (NS) and R2 approaching 0.82 and an absolute percentage bias less than 1%. Glacier melt contribution to runoff is 30–48% during the simulation period. The approach of combining multi-objective sensitivity analysis and optimization is an efficient way to identify important hydrological processes and recharge characteristics in highly glacierized catchments.

ACS Style

Huiping Ji; Gonghuan Fang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen. Multi-Objective Calibration of a Distributed Hydrological Model in a Highly Glacierized Watershed in Central Asia. Water 2019, 11, 554 .

AMA Style

Huiping Ji, Gonghuan Fang, Jing Yang, Yaning Chen. Multi-Objective Calibration of a Distributed Hydrological Model in a Highly Glacierized Watershed in Central Asia. Water. 2019; 11 (3):554.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Huiping Ji; Gonghuan Fang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen. 2019. "Multi-Objective Calibration of a Distributed Hydrological Model in a Highly Glacierized Watershed in Central Asia." Water 11, no. 3: 554.

Journal article
Published: 15 August 2018 in Scientific Reports
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As a vital land surface parameter, soil moisture influences climate through its impact on water and energy cycles. However, the effect of soil moisture on precipitation has been strongly debated. In this study, a new causal detection method, convergent cross mapping (CCM), was applied to explore the causality between soil moisture and precipitation over low- and mid- latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere. CCM method generally identified a strong effect of soil moisture on precipitation. Specifically, the optimal effect of soil moisture on precipitation occurred with a lag of one month and clearly decreased after four months, suggesting that soil moisture has potentials to improve the accuracy of precipitation forecast at a sub-seasonal scale. In addition, as climate (i.e., aridity index) changed from dry to wet, the effect of soil moisture on precipitation first increased and then decreased with peaks in semi-arid and semi-humid areas. These findings statistically support the hypothesis that soil moisture impacts precipitation and also provide a reference for the design of climate prediction systems.

ACS Style

Yunqian Wang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Philippe De Maeyer; Zhi Li; Weili Duan. Detecting the Causal Effect of Soil Moisture on Precipitation Using Convergent Cross Mapping. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 12171 .

AMA Style

Yunqian Wang, Jing Yang, Yaning Chen, Philippe De Maeyer, Zhi Li, Weili Duan. Detecting the Causal Effect of Soil Moisture on Precipitation Using Convergent Cross Mapping. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):12171.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yunqian Wang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Philippe De Maeyer; Zhi Li; Weili Duan. 2018. "Detecting the Causal Effect of Soil Moisture on Precipitation Using Convergent Cross Mapping." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 12171.

Journal article
Published: 04 April 2018 in Water
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In arid areas, lakes play important roles in sustaining the local ecology, mitigating flood hazard, and restricting economic activity of society. In this study, we used multi-temporal satellite data to study annual variations in 16 natural lakes with individual surface areas over 10 km2, categorized into six regions based on their geographical and climatic information and on their relations with climate variables. Results indicated that annual variations in lake surface areas are different across these six regions. The surface area of Kanas Lake has not obviously changed due to its typical U-shape cross section; the areas of Ulungur Lake and Jili Lake increased sharply in the 1980s and then slightly decreased; the areas of Sayram Lake, Ebinur Lake, and Bosten Lake increased and then decreased, with peaks detected in the early 2000s; the areas of Barkol Lake and Toale Culler decreased, while those of the lakes located in the Kunlun Mountains steadily increased. Lake areas also show various relationships with climate variables. There is no obvious relationship between area and climate variables in Kanas Lake due to the specific lake morphology; the areas of most lakes showed positive correlations with annual precipitation (except Sayram Lake). A negative correlation between area and temperature were detected in Ulungur Lake, Jili Lake, Barkol Lake, and Toale Culler, while positive correlations were suggested in Bosten Lake and the lakes in the Kunlun Mountains (e.g., Saligil Kollakan Lake, Aksai Chin Lake, and Urukkule Lake).

ACS Style

Yuting Liu; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Gonghuan Fang; Weihong Li. The Temporal and Spatial Variations in Lake Surface Areas in Xinjiang, China. Water 2018, 10, 431 .

AMA Style

Yuting Liu, Jing Yang, Yaning Chen, Gonghuan Fang, Weihong Li. The Temporal and Spatial Variations in Lake Surface Areas in Xinjiang, China. Water. 2018; 10 (4):431.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yuting Liu; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Gonghuan Fang; Weihong Li. 2018. "The Temporal and Spatial Variations in Lake Surface Areas in Xinjiang, China." Water 10, no. 4: 431.

Journal article
Published: 16 March 2018 in Remote Sensing
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Soil moisture plays a crucial role in the hydrological cycle and climate system. The reliable estimation of soil moisture in space and time is important to monitor and even predict hydrological and meteorological disasters. Here we studied the spatiotemporal variations of soil moisture and explored the effects of precipitation and temperature on soil moisture in different land cover types within the Tarim River Basin from 2001 to 2015, based on high-spatial-resolution soil moisture data downscaled from the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) soil moisture data. The results show that the spatial average soil moisture increased slightly from 2001 to 2015, and the soil moisture variation in summer contributed most to regional soil moisture change. For the land cover, the highest soil moisture occurred in the forest and the lowest value was found in bare land, and soil moisture showed significant increasing trends in grassland and bare land during 2001~2015. Both partial correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis demonstrate that in the study area precipitation had positive effects on soil moisture, while temperature had negative effects, and precipitation made greater contributions to soil moisture variations than temperature. The results of this study can be used for decision making for water management and allocation.

ACS Style

Yunqian Wang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Anqian Wang; Philippe De Maeyer. The Spatiotemporal Response of Soil Moisture to Precipitation and Temperature Changes in an Arid Region, China. Remote Sensing 2018, 10, 468 .

AMA Style

Yunqian Wang, Jing Yang, Yaning Chen, Anqian Wang, Philippe De Maeyer. The Spatiotemporal Response of Soil Moisture to Precipitation and Temperature Changes in an Arid Region, China. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10 (3):468.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yunqian Wang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Anqian Wang; Philippe De Maeyer. 2018. "The Spatiotemporal Response of Soil Moisture to Precipitation and Temperature Changes in an Arid Region, China." Remote Sensing 10, no. 3: 468.

Article
Published: 30 June 2017 in Journal of Arid Land
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Climate change in mountainous regions has significant impacts on hydrological and ecological systems. This research studied the future temperature, precipitation and snowfall in the 21st century for the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains (TKM) based on the general circulation model (GCM) simulation ensemble from the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) lower emission scenario RCP4.5 and higher emission scenario RCP8.5 using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) technique. Results show that (1) BMA significantly outperformed the simple ensemble analysis and BMA mean matches all the three observed climate variables; (2) at the end of the 21st century (2070–2099) under RCP8.5, compared to the control period (1976–2005), annual mean temperature and mean annual precipitation will rise considerably by 4.8°C and 5.2%, respectively, while mean annual snowfall will dramatically decrease by 26.5%; (3) precipitation will increase in the northern Tianshan region while decrease in the Amu Darya Basin. Snowfall will significantly decrease in the western TKM. Mean annual snowfall fraction will also decrease from 0.56 of 1976–2005 to 0.42 of 2070–2099 under RCP8.5; and (4) snowfall shows a high sensitivity to temperature in autumn and spring while a low sensitivity in winter, with the highest sensitivity values occurring at the edge areas of TKM. The projections mean that flood risk will increase and solid water storage will decrease.

ACS Style

Jing Yang; Gonghuan Fang; Yaning Chen; Philippe De-Maeyer. Climate change in the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains based on GCM simulation ensemble with Bayesian model averaging. Journal of Arid Land 2017, 9, 622 -634.

AMA Style

Jing Yang, Gonghuan Fang, Yaning Chen, Philippe De-Maeyer. Climate change in the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains based on GCM simulation ensemble with Bayesian model averaging. Journal of Arid Land. 2017; 9 (4):622-634.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jing Yang; Gonghuan Fang; Yaning Chen; Philippe De-Maeyer. 2017. "Climate change in the Tianshan and northern Kunlun Mountains based on GCM simulation ensemble with Bayesian model averaging." Journal of Arid Land 9, no. 4: 622-634.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2017 in Hydrology Research
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Quantifying the uncertainty sources in assessment of climate change impacts on hydrological processes is helpful for local water management decision-making. This paper investigated the impact of the general circulation model (GCM) structural uncertainty on hydrological processes in the Kaidu River Basin. Outputs of 21 GCMs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) under two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (i.e., RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), representing future climate change under uncertainty, were first bias-corrected using four precipitation and three temperature methods and then used to force a well-calibrated hydrological model (the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, SWAT) in the study area. Results show that the precipitation will increase by 3.1%–18% and 7.0%–22.5%, the temperature will increase by 2.0 °C–3.3 °C and 4.2 °C–5.5 °C and the streamflow will change by −26% to 3.4% and −38% to −7% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Timing of snowmelt will shift forward by approximately 1–2 months for both scenarios. Compared to RCPs and bias correction methods, GCM structural uncertainty contributes most to streamflow uncertainty based on the standard deviation method (55.3%) while it is dominant based on the analysis of variance approach (94.1%).

ACS Style

Gonghuan Fang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Zhi Li; Philippe De Maeyer. Impact of GCM structure uncertainty on hydrological processes in an arid area of China. Hydrology Research 2017, 49, 893 -907.

AMA Style

Gonghuan Fang, Jing Yang, Yaning Chen, Zhi Li, Philippe De Maeyer. Impact of GCM structure uncertainty on hydrological processes in an arid area of China. Hydrology Research. 2017; 49 (3):893-907.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gonghuan Fang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Zhi Li; Philippe De Maeyer. 2017. "Impact of GCM structure uncertainty on hydrological processes in an arid area of China." Hydrology Research 49, no. 3: 893-907.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2016 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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Runoff generation and its dynamics are fundamental to hydrology and very crucial to water resource management. Based on isotope hydrograph method, we explored and compared the runoff generation mechanism of two typical inland rivers in the Tianshan Mountains (i.e., Urumqi River on the north slope and Huangshuigou River on the south slope), based on a year-long frequently monitored weather, flow and isotope data. Results show the following: (1) In both rivers, precipitation, river water and groundwater exhibit noticeable spatial and temporal variations in stable δ18O and δD compositions in the Urumqi River and Huangshuigou River, and there is an increasing trend of δ18O in the river water during snowmelt period; (2) isotope hydrograph separation shows that generally groundwater is the major recharging source (over 50 % of streamflow), followed by glacier melt, snowmelt and precipitation in these two rivers, and Urumqi River has a larger contribution from glacier melt than Huangshuigou River; (3) these two rivers have similar contribution components in all seasons except spring in which Huangshuigou River has similar contributions from groundwater (55.6 %) and snowmelt (44.4 %) whereas Urumqi River has a larger contribution from groundwater (72.7 %) than snowmelt (27.3); (4) the Urumqi River is more sensitive to the temperature change than the Huangshuigou River, which might cause flooding that resulted from glacier melt in the Urumqi River.

ACS Style

Congjian Sun; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Xingong Li; Yuhui Yang; Yongqing Zhang. Comparative study of streamflow components in two inland rivers in the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China. Environmental Earth Sciences 2016, 75, 1 .

AMA Style

Congjian Sun, Jing Yang, Yaning Chen, Xingong Li, Yuhui Yang, Yongqing Zhang. Comparative study of streamflow components in two inland rivers in the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2016; 75 (9):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Congjian Sun; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Xingong Li; Yuhui Yang; Yongqing Zhang. 2016. "Comparative study of streamflow components in two inland rivers in the Tianshan Mountains, Northwest China." Environmental Earth Sciences 75, no. 9: 1.

Research article
Published: 15 November 2015 in Advances in Meteorology
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To study the impact of future climatic changes on hydrology in the Kaidu River Basin in the Tianshan Mountains, two sets of future climatic data were used to force a well-calibrated hydrologic model: one is bias-corrected regional climate model (RCM) outputs for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 future emission scenarios, and the other is simple climate change (SCC) with absolute temperature change of −1~6°C and relative precipitation change of −20%~60%. Results show the following: (1) temperature is likely to increase by 2.2°C and 4.6°C by the end of the 21st century under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively, while precipitation will increase by 2%~24%, with a significant rise in the dry season and small change in the wet season; (2) flow will change by −1%~20%, while evapotranspiration will increase by 2%~24%; (3) flow increases almost linearly with precipitation, while its response to temperature depends on the magnitude of temperature change and flow decrease is significant when temperature increase is greater than 2°C; (4) similar results were obtained for simulations with RCM outputs and with SCC for mild climate change conditions, while results were significantly different for intense climate change conditions.

ACS Style

Gonghuan Fang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Shuhua Zhang; Haijun Deng; Haimeng Liu; Philippe De Maeyer. Climate Change Impact on the Hydrology of a Typical Watershed in the Tianshan Mountains. Advances in Meteorology 2015, 2015, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Gonghuan Fang, Jing Yang, Yaning Chen, Shuhua Zhang, Haijun Deng, Haimeng Liu, Philippe De Maeyer. Climate Change Impact on the Hydrology of a Typical Watershed in the Tianshan Mountains. Advances in Meteorology. 2015; 2015 ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gonghuan Fang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Shuhua Zhang; Haijun Deng; Haimeng Liu; Philippe De Maeyer. 2015. "Climate Change Impact on the Hydrology of a Typical Watershed in the Tianshan Mountains." Advances in Meteorology 2015, no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2015 in Theoretical and Applied Climatology
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Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and the change of climate variables will eventually have a great impact on vegetation cover and agricultural practices, especially in the arid area Xinjiang in China, whose agriculture and ecosystems are heavily vulnerable to climate change. In this paper, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used to study the vegetation growth and its response to climate change in Xinjiang. Firstly, two NDVI datasets (Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)) were merged through a pixel-wise regression analysis to obtain a long time series of NDVI data, and then, relationships between yearly NDVI and yearly climate variables, and monthly NDVI and monthly climate variables were extensively investigated for grassland and cropland in northern and southern Xinjiang, respectively. Results show the following: (1) there was an increasing trend in NDVI for both grassland and cropland in both northern and southern Xinjiang over the past decades and trends were significant except that for grassland in northern Xinjiang; (2) precipitation and evaporation were more important than temperature for grassland in northern Xinjiang, while precipitation and temperature were more important than evaporation for grassland in southern Xinjiang and cropland in both northern and southern Xinjiang; (3) NDVI was highly correlated with accumulated monthly precipitation instead of monthly precipitation, and there was a lagged effect of precipitation, temperature, and evaporation on NDVI change. However, lagged effects were only significant in specific months. The results could be helpful to agricultural practices; e.g., based on lagged effect of precipitation, irrigation in July is very important for crop growth.

ACS Style

Yufeng Xu; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen. NDVI-based vegetation responses to climate change in an arid area of China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2015, 126, 213 -222.

AMA Style

Yufeng Xu, Jing Yang, Yaning Chen. NDVI-based vegetation responses to climate change in an arid area of China. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 2015; 126 (1-2):213-222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yufeng Xu; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen. 2015. "NDVI-based vegetation responses to climate change in an arid area of China." Theoretical and Applied Climatology 126, no. 1-2: 213-222.

Journal article
Published: 08 March 2015 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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Water resources are essential to the ecosystem and social economy worldwide, especially in the desert and oasis of the Tarim River Basin, whose water originates largely from the Tianshan Mountains characterized by complicated hydrologic processes and scarce meteorological observations. In this study, distributed hydrologic model of SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) was applied to the Kaidu River Basin, a watershed in the Tianshan Mountains and one of the headwaters of the Tarim River. To quantify the contribution of meteorological input to model output, a sensitivity analysis approach (SDP method, State-Dependent Parameter method) was applied before and after the model was calibrated. The sensitivity analysis shows that meteorological input contributes up to 64 % of model uncertainty due to scarcity of observed meteorological data especially in the alpine region, and the groundwater flow is the most important hydrologic process in this watershed. Model calibration is robust with Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients (“NS”s) and “R 2”s over 0.80 for both the calibration period and the validation period where the length of the validation period is five times longer than the calibration period. The significance is obvious when compared to the simulation without considering the effect of spatial variation in meteorological input (NS = 0.80 and NS = 0.47 for “with lapse rates” and “without lapse rates”, respectively). Accurate meteorological input is of great importance to the distributed hydrological model, especially in the mountainous regions.

ACS Style

Gonghuan Fang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Changchun Xu; Philippe De Maeyer. Contribution of meteorological input in calibrating a distributed hydrologic model in a watershed in the Tianshan Mountains, China. Environmental Earth Sciences 2015, 74, 2413 -2424.

AMA Style

Gonghuan Fang, Jing Yang, Yaning Chen, Changchun Xu, Philippe De Maeyer. Contribution of meteorological input in calibrating a distributed hydrologic model in a watershed in the Tianshan Mountains, China. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2015; 74 (3):2413-2424.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gonghuan Fang; Jing Yang; Yaning Chen; Changchun Xu; Philippe De Maeyer. 2015. "Contribution of meteorological input in calibrating a distributed hydrologic model in a watershed in the Tianshan Mountains, China." Environmental Earth Sciences 74, no. 3: 2413-2424.