The first official training of pharmacy technicians started in 1926 in Mongolia and pharmacy technicians were the only national pharmaceutical staff till the first national pharmacist graduated in 1954. Pharmacy technicians have played a valuable role in pharmaceutical care and service in Mongolia for the last century, which is still maintained nowadays. As of June 2022, one public university and one private medical institute implemented a pharmacy technician curriculum in Mongolia, and 512 pharmacy technicians had graduated in 2016-2020. Graduated pharmacy technicians are eligible to work in a community pharmacy, hospital, or pharmaceutical industry after being registered. They can also further their studies to get a B. Pharm. degree with an additional three years of training. As of 2020, a total of 2009 pharmacy technicians worked in Mongolia, 807 of them were employed in Ulaanbaatar and 1556 pharmacy technicians worked in the community pharmacies.

Objective: To develop a herbal preparation for respiratory ailments from plants used in Mongolian medicine. Method: TLC, HPLC, chemical and spectrophotometric analysis were used for the quality and quantitative determination of biologically active compounds in plant raw materials, extracts and granules. The total and internal absorption coefficients of the plant raw materials, tapped density and flowability of the granules were determined using the method of I.A. Muravyev and V.D. Ponomarev. The quality parameters of the granules (appearance, particle size, moisture content, dispersion) were determined by the Chinese pharmacopoeia methods. Results: The highest amount of extractive matters was determined when extracting 2 mm powdered roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.ex DC. using 0.25% ammonia (34.46±3.01), 2 mm powdered roots of Inula helenium L. with 50% ethanol (56.69±2.83), and 2 mm powdered fruits of Rosa acicularis Lindl. with 40% ethanol (32.15±1.62). The glycyrrhizic acid content in the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.ex DC. was measured at 3.51±1.73%. Similarly, the inulin content in the root of Inula helenium L. was found to be 5.56±0.003%, and the ascorbic acid content in the fruits of Rosa acicularis Lindl. was also identified as 1.91±0.1%. After determining the extractive matters, particle size, total and internal absorption coefficients, and the content of majn biologically active compounds in the plant materials, liquid extracts were obtained from the plant raw materials, and thick extracts were prepared from these liquid extracts. The main substances in the liquid and thick extracts were identified and quantified. The glycyrrhizic acid content was 1.04±0.01% in the liquid extract and 2.87±0.08% in the thick extract; the ascorbic acid content was 0.47 ± 0.06% in the liquid extract and 0.73 ±0.06% in the thick extract; and the inulin content was 4.72±0.002% in the liquid extract and 15.07±0.002% in the thick extract. Five different models of granules were prepared from thick extracts using the wet granulation method. Model 1 granules were excluded from the study due to their irregular texture, clamminess, and inability to be sieved. The quality and technological parameters of the granule F2 model were superior to those of the other models (P<0.001). Granule model F2 contains 0.092±0.002% glycyrrhizic acid, 2.153±0.049% inulin, and 0.27±0.03% ascorbic acid. The prepared granules met the criteria for the microbiological test. Conclusion: It is suitable to extract the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.ex DC., the root of Inula helenium L., and the fruits of Rosa acicularis Lindl. by powdering them into 2 mm particle sizes. Of the five models of granules prepared by wet granulation from plant extracts, model 2 was superior to the others in terms of technological and quality parameters. Sucrose was not suitable for granulation as an excipient.

Introduction: Although there is a wide range of studies on phytochemistry and pharmacology, there currently needs to be a standard quality control method or index for assessing the components of X. sorbifolium Bunge to ensure quality. Objectives: This study aimed to determine some quality parameters of the standardization of trunks and branches of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. Methods: The cellular diagnostic structures of trunks and branches of the plant were defined by "Olympus" light microscopy. Biologically active compounds were identified using TLC and HPLC, and the main biologically active compounds' contents were determined by HPLC methods. Some quality parameters of trunks and branches of X. sorbifolium Bunge were determined by Chinese Pharmacopoeia methods. Results: Microstructure of trunk and branch of the X. sorbifolia Bunge was defined. Some quality parameters of trunks and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia were defined as: moisture 4.8-6.1%, total ash 5.57-7.3%, acid-insoluble ash 1.3-2.7%, alcohol-soluble extractive 8.97-11.63%. The fingerprints of TLC to reveal epicatechin and HPLC to reveal epicatechin, dihydromyricetin, dihydroquercetin, myricetin, quercetin, and naringenin were defined. Some flavonoid contents in trunks and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia were determined according to the developed and validated method as: epicatechin 6.39-11.687 mg/g, dihydroquercetin 1.02-1.833 mg/g, and myricetin 0.02-2.693 mg/g. Conclusion: The standardization criteria for the trunk and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge were defined. Quality parameters and contents of epicatechin, dihydroquercetin, and myricetin were different in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia.

Over a long history, the pharmacy was developed in close connection with Traditional Mongolian Medicine (TMM) as one part of it. TMM was Mongolia's only available healthcare method before Western medicine was introduced in the 19th century. The pharmaceutical sector, founded in 1923, played an essential role in the health system of Mongolia over the last hundred years. During the socialist time, the pharmaceutical sector was state-owned, and privatization started in 1990 when Mongolia transitioned to a market economy from a centrally planned economy. Mongolian current pharmaceutical sector is fully privatized except for public hospital pharmacies, and as of the end of 2021, 2822 pharmaceutical facilities were operating in Mongolia. Before the transition to the market economy, the functions of the pharmaceutical sector were mainly focused on the production, supply, compounding, and dispensing of drugs. Still, since 1990, the scope of pharmaceutical care services has changed. The pharmaceutical care service has been transferring from product-oriented to patient-centered care since the mid-1990s.

The total flavonoid content of the aerial part of Caryopteris mongolica was determined, the content of some flavonoids was determined, and the microstructural characteristics of the leaf were revealed. C. mongolica has been cultivated at the plantation biostation of the New Medical University in Kherlenbayan-Ulaan, Delgerkhaan soum, Khentii province since 2013. This study was conducted to compare the content of certain phenolic compounds in wild-grown and cultivated C. mongolica. The content of some flavonoids was determined using HPLC, and the total flavonoid content was determined by spectrophotometry. Moisture was determined by the Pharmacopoeia method, and the microstructure study was conducted using Novel light microscopy. Linear regression analysis was employed for the quantitative determination of rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and acacetin content. A one-way ANOVA was applied to compare the total flavonoid and moisture contents between wild-grown and cultivated samples. Analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics 26.0 software. Although there were no statistically significant differences in total flavonoid or moisture content between wild-grown and cultivated C. mongolica plants growing in Mongolia, the cultivated plants exhibited higher levels of some flavonoids. The average contents of rutin, luteolin, apigenin, and acacetin in the wild-grown C. mongolica sample were 0.00471 mg/g, 0.11999 mg/g, 0.11468 mg/g, and 0.06831 mg/g, respectively. In contrast, the corresponding values in the cultivated C. mongolica sample were 0.02371 mg/g, 0.09971 mg/g, 0.35149 mg/g, and 0.32529 mg/g. The total flavonoid content in the aerial parts of wild-grown and cultivated C. mongolica was measured at 0.328±0.049% and 0.310±0.027%, with no significant difference (p=0.350). The moisture content was also not significantly different between the wild-grown (6.78±0.03%) and cultivated (6.88±0.59%), respectively. A comparative anatomical study of the leaves of C. mongolica revealed that the leaves have an isolateral structure, multicellular hairs, and well-developed palisade tissues arranged in multiple layers.

In Mongolia, the medical education system with a long history has developed with its characteristics since ancient times. Modern medical education, including pharmacy education, began to grow in 1921. Before modern pharmaceutical science developed in Mongolia, pharmacy and pharmacy education were part of Traditional Mongolian Medicine and education. Medical knowledge and experience were transferred from generation to generation through simple teaching. From the sixteenth century, Manba Datsan was established in religious temples to teach Mongolian medicine through discipleship. Modern pharmacy education in Mongolia began in 1926 with the course training of pharmacy technicians, and pharmacist training started in 1961. Pharmacy technician training with a 3-year and pharmacist training with 5-year programs oriented on patient-centered pharmaceutical care are implemented in Mongolia. Pharmacy technicians can also study towards a B. degree in Pharmacy with an additional 3 years of training. As of 2023, seven state-owned and private higher education institutions offer pharmacy education and the number of institutions and students of pharmacy is expected to increase. The pharmacy education policy and the license examination type may be reformable, and the curricula should be regularly updated in line with international trends.