Agricultural residues (such as straw and other nonmarketable plant waste) in Iran exceed 200 million tons annually, which can supply 10%–15% of the country's energy needs. The objective of this study was to investigate and estimate the biomass energy potential derived from crop residues in Iran using GIS mapping and artificial neural networks. The energy potential of the residues was determined by considering their heating value and the quantity of available residues. The available agricultural residues for the 10 crops studied were estimated to be 9,688,450 tons. Sugarcane and sugar beet contributed the largest shares, representing 32.33% and 25.72%, respectively. The largest quantities of sugarcane and wheat residues were found in Khuzestan province, amounting to 3,131,620 and 124,660 tons, respectively. For sugar beet, the maximum amount of residues was recorded in West Azerbaijan, with 719,140 tons. The total heating values for the residues were calculated to be 56,376 TJ for sugarcane, 18,212.36 TJ for wheat, and 42,887.32 TJ for sugar beet. The artificial neural network was able to predict the energy potential of biomass from the main products with a correlation coefficient of over 0.99 and the lowest error rate. GIS maps proved highly effective for rapidly analyzing the status of plant residues and their energy potential in each province. The findings suggest that agricultural residues in Iran have significant potential as a sustainable biomass energy source.

Türkiye has a big potential of hazelnut residues, especially the husks that is not used for any purposes. It is estimated that 200.000 tons of husk residue is produced per year after hazelnut harvesting. Biomass became very popular since it is alternative source of energy and provides employment facilities in rural areas. Briquetting is the most widely used waste compaction technology. A hydraulic type briquetting machine with horizontal course was manufactured to convert this particular idle residue into biofuels. Some physical and mechanical properties of briquettes produced under different pressures with different particle sizes and having differ-ent moisture contents were determined.

The geographical conditions of Azerbaijan have provided a favorable environment for planting all kinds of agricultural products. Therefore, in recent years, paying attention to the potential of biomass resources has been the subject of increasing research and discussions in this country. This study aimed to estimate the amount of biomass energy that can be acquired from agricultural residues in Azerbaijan. The energy potential of the residues was obtained by considering the calorific value and amount of available residues. For the year 2021, the total amount of available agricultural residues for the ten studied products was estimated at 1,099,346 tons. Cotton and barley had the highest amounts of waste with 47% and 14.47%, respectively. Also, the total heating value of residues was obtained 19610.4566 GJ. Therefore, according to the obtained results, part of the country's energy consumption can be supplied in this way.

This study was carried out to determine the biomass potential, energy value, bio-composting material and composting possibilities produced from plant and animal residues in Samsun. Samsun is a province of Türkiye in the Black Sea region. Samsun province has 17 districts. Residue amounts of agricultural products grown in Samsun were calculated using the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) 2021 and year product production data, Türkiye Biomass Energy Potential Atlas (BEPA) 2021 biomass data. The total amount of agricultural waste is approximately 877.812 tons wheat 254.154 tons, paddy 132,891 tons, maize 53.861 tons and oat 47.797 tons in cereals in fruits, hazelnut is 66.363 tons and peach is 125.065 tons. Total heating value was found as 5.439.003 GJ. Hazelnut was the highest contributor to this value with 27% as fruit for cereals, it was maize with 17.14%. The energy equivalents of the biomass amounts are respectively; 37.34% hazelnut, 24% paddy, 10% wheat, 17.4% maize and 11.26% other plants were found.

The aim of this study is to assess the capacity of agricultural residues in South Sudan in terms of their types and quantities. The country had limited access to modern energy sources, and most of the population relied on traditional biomass for cooking and heating. However, efforts were being made to explore and develop alternative and sustainable energy sources, including biomass energy. Biomass energy involves the use of organic materials, such as wood, crop residues, and animal waste, to generate heat or electricity. In the context of South Sudan, biomass energy could play a crucial role in meeting the energy needs of the population, especially in rural areas. The quantities of crops cultivated in South Sudan, measured in tons of dry matter per year, were determined through calculations based on production data from the Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Databases of the United Nations (FAOSTAT) for the 2021 seasonal year. The annual gross potential of agricultural residues was calculated by employing a residue to product ratio. The energy potential of crop residues was computed by multiplying the calorific values of agricultural residues with the available amount of residue. The total energy potential of agricultural residues during the 2021 production period in South Sudan amounted to approximately 112.7 TJ. The total amount of unused agricultural crop residues was estimated to be approximately 8.6 kilo tons (Kt). The proportion of overall residue quantity comprises major crops such as sorghum (78.71%), maize (11.06%), rice (5.66%), and millet (4.36%).