Introduction: Invasive fungal infections affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are a major health concern worldwide associated with high mortality rates. Their increased incidence is largely due to an increase in the vulnerable immunocompromised population, changing environmental factors, and development of more accurate diagnostic methods. The aim of this article is to identify fungal causes of CNS infections that are recently emerging or have the potential to become emerging pathogens in the near future, as well as their clinical characteristics, including: Candida auris, Trichosporon spp., Blastomyces spp., Sporothrix spp., Talaromyces marneffei, Lomentospora prolificans, and Scedosporium spp. Methods: A review of the literature in PubMed in the last ten years was conducted to identify central nervous system infections caused by each of these fungi. Results: The review identified 10 cases caused by C. auris, 5 cases by Trichosporon spp., 82 cases by Blastomyces spp., 36 cases by Sporothrix spp., 21 cases by T. marneffei, 22 cases by Lomentospora prolificans, and 42 cases by Scedosporium spp. Discussion: The exact burden of these diseases remains difficult to ascertain, but their apparent rise underscores the urgent need for improved diagnostic, treatment, and management strategies against CNS fungal pathogens to improve outcomes against these life-threatening infections.

This study aimed to describe the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management of Campylobacter sp. and Salmonella sp. infections in a tertiary hospital in Northern Portugal (2010–2020) and identify factors associated with reporting, invasive disease, and hospitalization. A retrospective review included patients with Campylobacter sp. (2015–2020) or Salmonella sp. infections (2010–2020). Reported cases were cross-referenced with the National Epidemiological Surveillance System. A total of 742 patients were included: 342 with Campylobacter sp., 392 with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), and 15 with typhoidal Salmonella (TS). Immunosuppression was present in 16.7% of cases. NTS infections were invasive in 21.4% of cases, compared to 4.0% for Campylobacter. Macrolide resistance in Campylobacter reached 10%, particularly in C. coli, while multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in 37.8% of NTS isolates. Immunocompromised patients accounted for over 70% of relapses in Campylobacter disease. Reporting rates were low: 32.8% for NTS, 30.6% for Campylobacter, and 14.3% for TS. Reporting was associated with male sex, no immunosuppression, hospitalization, and non-MDR organisms. In conclusion, immunocompromised patients face higher risks of invasive and relapsing disease. High rates of MDR in NTS limit treatment options. Underreporting remains significant, underscoring the need for improved awareness and reporting to inform public health strategies.