The Cloud Computing paradigm promoted the outsourcing of IT infrastructure and enterprise applications paving the way to save costs of building and maintaining computing infrastructures on-premise. In this environment, scale up of applications to attend demands in high peaks become easier and highly automated. Virtualization was a key technology to enable these characteristics. Nowadays, Container technology became popular as an alternative to Virtual Machines, and is being widely applied, as a consequence, Orchestration tools are being extensively applied in the Cloud environment. Despite its success, when it comes to the Internet of Things (IoT), Cloud Computing falls short to meet several requirements. Fog Computing appear as a complimentary technology to the Cloud to deliver the missing requirements in the IoT scene. Managing services deployed in a Fog Environment is a complex task and infrastructure management and orchestration tools can make it seamless. In this paper, we evaluate how Containers can affect the overall performance of applications in Fog Nodes. We analyze different Container Orchestration tools and how they meet Fog requirements to run applications. We also propose a Container Orchestration Framework for Fog Computing infrastructures.

The development of Fog Computing technology is crucial to address the challenges to come with the mass adoption of Internet Of Things technology, where the generation of data tends to grow at an unprecedented pace. The technology brings computing power to the surrounds of devices, to offer local processing, filtering, storage and analysis of data and control over actuators. Orchestration is a requirement of Fog Computing technology to deliver services, based on the composition of microservices. It must take into consideration the heterogeneity of the IoT environment and device's capabilities and constraints. This heterogeneity requires a different approach for orchestration, be it regarding infrastructure management, node selection and/or service placement. Orchestrations shall be manually or automatically started through event triggers. Also, the Orchestrator must be flexible enough to work in a centralized or distributed fashion. Orchestration is still a hot topic and can be seen in different areas, especially in the Service Oriented Architectures, hardware virtualization, in the Cloud, and in Network Virtualization Function. However, the architecture of these solutions is not enough to handle Fog Requirements, specially Fog's heterogeneity, and dynamics. In this paper, we propose an architecture for Orchestration for the Fog Computing environment. We developed a prototype to prof some concepts. We discuss in this paper the implementation, and the tools chose, and their roles. We end the paper with a discussion on performance indicators and future direction on the evaluation of non-functional aspects of the Architecture.

Starting with the invention of the steam engine in the 18th century, the industrial revolutions formed an ecosystem of over 20 billion connected devices with unforeseeable influence to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Predictions are that, by 2020 the connectable assets will generate about 44 ZB of data, which pose interesting challenges related to privacy, connectivity, scalability and others. A current line of action is the development of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), which can be monitored and controlled by private clouds or edge systems. Our approach is to bring functionalities, such as analytics, as close to the devices as possible (denoted as Fog Computing) to reduce latency and enhance data privacy and communication robustness. As a starting point we're extending a standard-compliant Machine-To-Machine Communication (M2M) architecture with container based orchestration mechanisms to enable CPSs to be programmable, autonomous and to communicate peer-to-peer. As the main field of application we are considering in particular smart factory environments and Industrial Internet domains in general.

The digital transformation across the whole value chain in the industry is aiming at increasing the overall efficiency of production services. In this context the Operational Technology (OT) and the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) domains grow together to an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Interconnecting heterogeneous assets and services with each other that have typically not communicated before, arise multiple challenges. In order to enable physical assets to mutually negotiate the production process, they can be encapsulated by software components to form Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs). However, how related Asset Administration Shells (AASs) will be implemented, is not yet defined in detail. While a number of approaches are under discussion, we assume that in the end exchanged information needs to be interoperable on a semantic level. In this paper, we argue that the oneM2M standard offers the required functionalities by allowing the use of Semantic Web technologies to formally describe interactions and exchanged information. We have started to validate our idea by extending an existing implementation in this regard. The main goal of this paper is to contribute towards a semantically interoperable IIoT vision that spans multiple vertical domains.