Drought is a major stress that hinders plant growth and causes water stress, posing a significant threat to global food security. While nanotechnology, particularly the use of nanoparticles such as TiO₂, offers a promising solution by enhancing plants’ resilience to drought stress, improving nutrient absorption, and promoting growth under adverse conditions, its application in viticulture remains underexplored. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂-NPs; 100, 10, 1, and 0 ppm (control)) on various physiological, biochemical, and morphological parameters in grapevine saplings. Three different rootstock varieties, 41 B/Crimson Seedless (CS), 1103 P/CS, and 5 BB/CS, were included in the experiment to assess how rootstock variety influences the response of grapevine saplings to TiO₂-NPs under drought stress (40–50%) and well-irrigated (90–100%) conditions. Young vines grown in pots under greenhouse conditions were used in this study. Applications of 10 ppm TiO₂-NPs improved growth parameters and the SPAD index and enhanced stomatal conductance, relative water content, and protein content in grapevine saplings under both drought and well-irrigated conditions. Conversely, oxidative stress parameters, including the membrane damage index, hydrogen peroxide, drought index, and lipid peroxidation levels, were significantly reduced following 10 ppm TiO₂-NP applications under drought conditions. Furthermore, total phenolic content, proline content, and ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities, which increased significantly with drought stress, were reduced to lower levels, paralleling the alleviation of drought-induced oxidative stress. Our results suggest that the primary role of TiO₂ nanoparticles in enhancing drought tolerance is due to their beneficial effects in alleviating damage caused by drought stress. This finding applies not only to grapevines but may also be relevant for other agricultural crops.

In this study, nanoparticles containing Ag, Ag2O, and Ag2O3 mixture were synthesized by using a microwave-assisted green synthesis method. For the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0, Rhododendron ponticum plant extract was used while the microwave synthesis method was used for the formation of silver oxides. Nanoparticles synthesized under 90 °C, 450 W, and 30-minute microwave synthesis conditions were characterized by UV-Vis, XRD, and STEM. As a result of characterization, Ag-NPs were found to show maximum absorbance peak at 432 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum, crystallite size was 46 nm according to XRD analysis, and nanoparticles showed in a spherical homogeneous distribution by STEM analysis. Our results showed that the phytochemicals in the plant extract of R. ponticum reduce Ag+ ions to Ag-NPs and that the mixture of silver and silver oxide can be synthesized quickly and easily with microwave heating support. This study is important to increase the use of Ag2O and Ag2O3 nanoparticles in industrial production and medical applications. In particular, nanoparticles of silver and silver(I) oxide show great promise for widespread usage in medical polymers and nanodrugs. Because in this study, toxic chemicals were not used in the synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles and it is a safe synthesis because there is no risk of explosion.

Two novel cyanido-bridged bimetallic polymeric complexes, [Ni(hydeten)₂Ag(CN)₂] [Ag(CN)₂]·H₂O (C1) and [Cd₂(hydeten)₂Ag₄(CN)₈]·H₂O (C2) (hydeten: N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine) were synthesized and characterized by elemental, FT-IR, X-ray (C2), thermal and variable temperature magnetic measurement (C1) techniques. Their anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal effects were also investigated. The crystallographic analyses showed that C2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c and shows a 3D 6,4 ladder-type polymeric chain in which the Cd^II centers are linked by [Ag(CN)₂]⁻ units. The Ag⋯Ag distance exhibits a short value of 3.1365(9) Å. It features a rare linear pentameric unit of [Ag(CN)₂]⁻ ions assembled via d¹⁰–d¹⁰ interaction as building blocks. Both complexes exhibited outstanding antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activities against ten different bacterial strains, two plant pathogenic fungi (Alternaria solani and Rhizoctonia solani) and four tumor cell lines (HT-29, HeLa, C6 and Vero), respectively.

Five new cyanido-bridged coordination polymers having closed formulae [Ni(hydeten)Au₂(CN)₄] (C1), [Ni(hydeten)₂Au₂(CN)₄]·H₂O (C2), [Cu(hydeten)₂Au₂(CN)₄]·CH₃OH (C3), [Zn(hydeten)₂ Au₂(CN)₄]·H₂O (C4), and [Cd(hydeten)₂Au₂(CN)₄]·H₂O (C5) (hydeten: N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-ethylenediamine) have been prepared and characterized by elemental, thermal, FT-IR and XRD (C3, C4 and C5) measurement techniques. The anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal activities of the complexes are also investigated. The C3, C4 and C5 units according to XRD analyses are linked to each other via –CN–M(hydeten)–NC–Au(1)–CN–M(hydeten)–CN– chains (M^II = Cu, Zn and Cd) and aurophilic interacted –Au(1)(CN)2–Au(2)(CN)2–Au(1)(CN)2–Au(2)(CN)2– zig-zag shaped chains along the a axis. C1, C2 and C4 show significant antifungal effects against several plant pathogenic fungi, while surprisingly C3 exhibits a considerable antibacterial effect against Gram negative E. coli. The studies of the antiproliferative activity on Hela, HT29 and C6 tumor cell lines indicated the anticancer potential of these complexes even at low doses.

Mono(4-fluorobenzyl)cyclotriphosphazene derivatives with (dimethylamino)ethoxy (Pz1a–2a) and (dimethylamino)propoxy (Pz1b–2b) chains were synthesized. The chain nitrogen atoms of fully substituted cyclotriphosphazene compounds were quaternized by treatment with CH₃I to give phosphazene based ionic liquids (PzILs), PzIL1–PzIL4. Subsequent metathesis with LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ gave the salts, PzIL1a–PzIL4a. The structures of the PzILs were confirmed by elemental analyses, FTIR and ¹H, ¹³C{¹H}, and ³¹P{¹H} NMR techniques. The thermal properties of all compounds were described using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These newly synthesized PzILs were used as the dielectric layer in organic field effect transistors (OFETs). Both dielectric and OFET characterization were performed. Because of the high dielectric effect of the PzILs, the fabricated OFETs operated in the low voltage range. Furthermore, a sliding wear test was conducted at room temperature using an AA7075 disc specimen against a stationary 100Cr6 steel ball. The wear protection of the PzILs and 15W40 engine oil was determined by considering the volume loss of AA7075. The lowest coefficient of friction (COF) and wear loss were obtained with PzIL4a.