Use of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides is ubiquitous in US agriculture and widespread around the world. Despite marketing efforts to the contrary, numerous studies demonstrate glyphosate toxicity to non-target organisms including animals, primarily focusing on mortality, carcinogenicity, renal toxicity, reproductive, and neurological toxicity, and the biochemical mechanisms underlying these physiological outcomes. Glyphosate toxicity also impacts animal behavior, both in model systems and in agricultural and environmentally relevant contexts. In this review, we examine the effects of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides on animal behaviors, particularly activity, foraging and feeding, anti-predator behavior, reproductive behaviors, learning and memory, and social behaviors. Glyphosate can be detected both in food and in the environment, and avoided through activity and feeding strategies. However, exposure also reduces activity, depresses foraging and feeding, increases susceptibility to predation, interferes with courtship, mating, fertility and maternal behaviors, decreases learning and memory capabilities, and disrupts social behaviors. Changes in animal behavior as a result of glyphosate toxicity are important because of their sometimes severe effects on individual fitness, as well as ecosystem health. Implications for human behavior are also considered.

Background/Objectives: As the incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) continue to rise in tandem, their relationship to one another, as well as the general risks of ART, are increasingly being explored. The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature on ASD risk, as well as the risks for other neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, in children born following the implementation of ART. Methods: Here we review studies published between 2000−2023 that elucidate relationships between ASD and some of the most common forms of ART, including in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), using fresh vs. frozen embryo transfer. Articles were identified by searching Google Scholar and PubMed databases. Results: Though some studies report adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in ART-conceived children, such as ASD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and cerebral palsy, a majority of studies do not show a significant association between ART and neurodevelopmental disorders. Additionally, many confounding factors like multiple and preterm births, underlying infertility, and advanced parental age have been discussed, highlighting the need for studies that effectively control for these confounders. Potential mechanisms implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD, including epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression, that may be related to ART procedures, are also discussed. Conclusion: ART may pose a low additional risk to development of ASD, but confounding factors likely account for most of this risk. Several steps in the process of ART may cause epigenetic changes that are implicated in the development of ASD.