Fossil fuels as the main energy source of every country now predicted will be ended no more than 40 years. Therefore, alternative fuel such as biofuel has been developed by many countries including Indonesia. Indonesia as one of the highest populated country and has wide areas of agriculture, forest and crop field is potential to be the highest biofuel production in the world. However, after one decade since the Government of Indonesia launched the energy Policy in 2006, appears to be interesting that the biofuels progress in Indonesia seen not well developed. One of the basic weaknesses is the program only applied to the specific area with a high biofuel resource by central government without support by local government. Furthermore, the target of biofuel programs seems to be very high or too ambitious, while the condition of the people still very traditional which can be seen from the lifestyle and their energy consumption. This paper provides in detail a review of several topics related to resource, energy consumption, policy and the research and development activities of biofuel in Indonesia. As a discussion, some recommendation provided to encourage the biofuel development in the near future

Exhaust emission is one of the kind emission have contribute to the greenhouse effect in the world. Ethanol is one of the best tools to fight air pollution from vehicles. From its biodegradable nature to reductions in greenhouse gas and tailpipe emissions, ethanol provides a tool to address environmental concerns without requiring an entirely new way for goods and people to get from one place to another. Ethanol contains 35% oxygen and with adding oxygen to fuel results in more complete fuel combustion, reducing harmful tailpipe emissions. This paper addresses the possibility study of ethanol percentage to changing of performance and exhaust emissions for Diesel Engine using Virtual Engine Simulation Tool AVL Boost. In this study the blend formulation between Ethanol and Diesel Fuel were E0, E2.5, E5, E7.5 and E 10. The performance of diesel engine simulated in 1,000-1,500rpm with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 Nm engine loads. The direct blending of ethanol and diesel fuel has advantages reducing exhaust emissions CO, Soot and NOx percentages. The engine power break of pure diesel is slightly lower than those of E2.5-E10, especially for speed above than 1400rpm. The simulation work with the same results compare to the experiments can reduce the cost of research

The electric golf cart of LIPI is designed traditionally without calculating geometric and kinematic properties of it steering layout. Furthermore, it resulting less quality of handling and make it less safe to operate. The kinematics calculation of steering linkages has been explained by Ackerman. So, this paper's purpose is to calculate and make recommendation for electric golf cart of LIPI as a solution for improving the handling quality. The result is that maximum turning angle of the car is limited by 30° and the car has R at 372cm. This is an ideal value according to Ackerman calculation

Air pollution remains a big issue in many countries. One form of air pollution comes from the use of fossil fuels as the primary fuel in the power generating and transportation sectors. Diesel engines are employed in a variety of industries due to their dependability, durability, and efficiency. Enhancing the availability of oxygen within the combustion chamber is one technique for reducing exhaust gas emissions and optimizing diesel engine combustion. The aim of this study is to investigate how oxygen enrichment in diesel engines with diesel fuel and biodiesel affects their performance and emissions. The modeling in this research was carried out using AVL BOOST version 2011 software based on experimental results of the YANMAR TF 155 R-DI diesel engine at 1200 rpm with and without oxygen enrichment. Modeling was performed based on the baseline parameter of a diesel engine with gradual loads at 50%, 75%, and 100%. The oxygen concentration was increased to 30.6%, 37.8%, 45%, and 54% by mass. The results show an increase in the maximum heat release rate (HRR) and the mass fraction burned (MFB) up to 90% for both fuels. The peak heat release rate of biodiesel shifts around 6 J/degree and the brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is up to 0.0035 kg/kWh higher than that of diesel fuel. When compared to diesel fuel, the thermal efficiency and BSFC of biodiesel usage are around 0.3% and 0.028 kg/kWh, respectively. NO_x emissions increase due to higher combustion temperatures and more oxygen availability. Biodiesel emits 50% less NO_x than diesel fuel, presumably due to a lower combustion temperature. As a result, while high-concentration oxygen enrichment improves combustion and lowers soot emissions, it raises NO_x emissions. Soot emissions were reduced as a result of the enhanced combustion process, while NO_x emissions rose due to higher combustion temperatures and increased oxygen availability.

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance and emission of spark ignition (SI) engine fuelled with CNG at low and high load condition. This study is the series activity of research, design and development of conversion kit for gas fuelled vehicle in the author laboratory. The SI engine that used in this study is Honda L15A, four cylinders, 1,497 cm3 using electronic control unit. Three different fuel system namely standard gasoline fuel system, commercially CNG conversion kit and proposed CNG conversion kit designed by Research Centre for Electrical Power and Mechatronics–Indonesian Institute of Sciences, all of them utilized with fuel injection system and electronic control unit were used in this study. The test was conducted on the 25% and 80% throttle opening position with engine speed over 4,800rpm. The results show that the maximum brake power at 25% throttle opening position of SI engine using commercially CNG conversion kit (19.00kW) is almost same with SI engine using proposed CNG conversion kit (19.68kW), while for 80% throttle opening position the maximum brake power of SI engine using proposed CNG conversion kit (38.67kW) is higher than commercially CNG conversion kit (34.29kW). The emission of CO and HC at 80% throttle opening position is lower than at 25% throttle opening position for both of SI engine using commercially and proposed CNG conversion kit

Electric vehicles have several disadvantages compared to conventional vehicles, such as their road ability and vehicle weight. To overcome these problems, range-extended engine technology has been developed. A range extender is a generator set that consists of an internal combustion engine coupled with a generator that operates when it is required. A vehicle simulator was deployed to compare the performance of three types of range-extended engines i.e. 1-cylinder 389 cc, 1-cylinder 494 cc and 2-cylinder 988 cc gasoline engines. The best type chosen was afterwards to be coupled with an electric vehicle. The performance data of each internal combustion engine was collected using experiment and simulation data. Two types of driving cycle, the Federal Test Procedure cycle and Artemis Rural Road cycle, were chosen to compare the optimum road ability of the vehicle. The result shows that the 2-cylinder 988 cc range-extended engine has the best performance, with an electrical motor energy consumption decrease of up to 83.26%, fuel consumption increase for the range-extended engine of up to 3.91 L/km, and a road ability increase of up to 232.79% compared to a pure electric vehicle.