This study evaluated the treatment efficiency of municipal wastewater from Phetchaburi in Thailand in an alternated 5-day flooding and 2-day drying wetland system with two plants species, namely, Canna indica and Heliconia psittacorum. The efficiencies of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) treatment were in the ranges of 90.5% ± 4.8% and 86.9% ± 7.3% for Canna and Heliconia, respectively. Those of chemical oxygen demand (COD) treatment were in the ranges of 75.5% ± 7.9% and 75.3% ± 9.0% for Canna and Heliconia, respectively. Both plants’ removal efficiencies of TN, NH4-N, and TP were greater than 40%. Lead and cadmium accumulation in both plants significantly differed between the upper and lower parts of the plants. However, the lead and cadmium accumulation in Heliconia were greater than their accumulation in Canna. Although Canna had a higher nutrient removal efficiency than Heliconia, there are many varieties of Canna in Thailand. These results indicate that the variety of Canna does not affect the nutrient removal efficiency. In conclusion, a wetland system with alternated flooding and drying conditions can be applied in communities where BOD₅ and COD are the dominant wastewater pollution characteristics. Both ornamental plants are suitable absorbents for lead and cadmium, and although the accumulation is lower in Canna than in Heliconia for both heavy metals, the difference was not significant.

Plateau lakes serve as important indicators of climate warming; however, systematic comparisons of regional differences in thermodynamic evolution and their driving mechanisms across different plateaus are still lacking. Based on ERA5 reanalysis data from 1980 to 2023, this study employed the Theil–Sen trend estimation, the Morlet wavelet period extraction, and the XGBoost–SHAP attribution analysis to investigate the variation mechanisms of mixed layer temperature (LMLT) and mixed layer depth (LMLD) in 18 lakes across five major plateaus in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. The results show that summer LMLT increased significantly at rates of 0.22–0.39 °C per decade, with the fastest warming on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, while winter LMLT remained nearly stagnant, forming an asymmetric pattern of “summer warming, winter non-warming”. LMLT responded significantly to global warming (summer r = 0.60–0.87). Volcanic eruptions caused summer LMLT to rise by 0.07–0.28 °C, and compound heatwaves led to increases of 0.38–1.04 °C. Lake mixed layer depth exhibited a seasonal reversal: summer evaporation (SHAP = 49.2%) indirectly influenced mixed layer development through temperature, whereas intense winter evaporation (SHAP = 62.0%) caused water level decline, making the mixed layer appear shallower. Both linear and nonlinear models consistently identified evaporation as the key factor controlling mixed layer depth. The LMLD patterns of the five plateaus can be summarised into three driving modes: temperature-evaporation-dominated (Qinghai–Tibetan and Iranian), temperature-wind-synergistic (Rocky and Pamir), and wind-dominated (Mongolian). These findings reveal the sensitive response of plateau lake thermodynamics to global change, highlight the key role of evaporation in modulating mixed layer depth and its seasonal reversal effect, and complement the traditional temperature-centred paradigm of lake mixing mechanisms.

Rice cultivation commonly employs the continuous flooding (CF) method, which depends heavily on water availability creating anaerobic conditions for methane (CH₄) emissions. Rainfed rice areas rely on precipitation for irrigation, making the system sensitive to climatic variability. This study examines associations between ENSO phases and satellite-observed atmospheric XCH₄ variability over Thailand using GOSAT as the primary long-term dataset from 2012 to 2022, with Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI used as a supporting dataset for recent spatial patterns. The analysis conducted covers three cropping seasons: (1) January–April, (2) May–August, and (3) September–December. The results indicate comparable average atmospheric methane concentrations of 1787.94 ± 11.50 XCH₄ (ppb) during El Niño, 1788.8 ± 11.22 XCH₄ (ppb) in neutral conditions, and 1793.45 ± 10.93 XCH₄ (ppb) during La Niña. The obtained data indicate a seasonal variability, with the highest satellite-observed XCH₄ values found during September–December, corresponding to the main growing period of wet-season rice. The results suggest that climate change amplifies these anomalies through altered precipitation patterns and water availability. Current rice cultivation practices warrant reconsideration, in particular the alternate wetting and drying (AWD) method, offering reduced CH₄ emissions while conserving water resources. This underscores the importance of water management strategies for sustainable rice production and resilience to climate variability.