In the last two decades, Peru has experienced a process of transformation in the sources of its energy matrix, increasing the participation of clean energy such as solar photovoltaic (PV), on-shore wind, biomass, and small hydro. However, hydropower and natural gas remain the main sources of electricity, whereas off-shore wind, biogas, waves, tidal, and geothermal sources are currently underdeveloped. This article presents the enormous potential of Peru for the generation of electrical energy from a solar source equivalent to 25 GW, as it has in one of the areas of the world with the highest solar radiation throughout the year. In addition, this article presents the main advantages, benefits, and considerations of the implementation of solar photovoltaic technology, with emphasis on (i) the potential of solar energy, showing the available potential and an installed capacity by the year 2024 equivalent to 398 MW, (ii) current solar energy sources, characterizing existing industrial solar photovoltaic (PV) energy plants, and (iii) future solar energy facilities projections, stating the portfolio of solar renewable energy plant projects to be implemented in the future considering an installed capacity of 7.2 GW by 2028. Additionally, lessons learned, challenges, and directions for the future development of solar energy in the country are presented. Finally, the article concludes that if Peru takes advantage of solar potential by considering a sustainable future perspective and implementing strategic land-use planning, the southern region will be transformed into a world-class territory for renewable energy development considering the hybridization of concentrated solar power (CSP) systems with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and solar energy storage systems.

Peru is one of the most diverse countries in the world, and its climatic characteristics, biodiversity, cultural heritage, and location on the planet give it a vast potential for wind energy, both on its coast and within the 200 miles which comprise the Peruvian coastline on the Pacific Ocean. Likewise, the northern and central areas of the country represent the regions with the greatest potential for wind energy use. In this context, wind energy is a viable alternative to mitigate the effects of climate change in local territories and, thus, meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) outlined in the 2030 United Nations (UN) Agenda. This article presents the potential for generating wind-type electrical energy both on-shore with 20.5 GW and off-shore with 347 GW. In addition, the main advantages, benefits, and restrictions in the implementation of this type of energy plants in Peru are presented, considering the following: (i) the mitigation of climate change considering the insertion of renewable energies in the energy matrix; (ii) the potential of the available wind resource; (iii) the characterization of seven existing wind power plants, considering a total installed capacity of 668 MW; and (iv) the implementation of future wind power plants considering a portfolio of 31 projects for 7429 MW of total installed capacity projected. Finally, recent advances, challenges linked to territorial implementation, and future perspectives in developing the renewable energy sector from wind resources to address climate change are discussed.

The inadequate management of solid waste is a problem that negatively impacts quality of life and contributes to the increased emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). Adequate management has the potential to contribute to the generating of clean energy and the achieving of the climate commitments adopted by Peru. In this article, recommendations are presented for the promotion of the energy valorization of solid waste within Peru’s energy policy and waste management, based on the feasibility analysis of an anaerobic digestion plant in the district of Alto Selva Alegre, in the province and region of Arequipa. The principal recommendation is that it is necessary to strengthen the technical capacity of local governments in terms of waste recovery, and to establish a national energy transition plan that promotes the use of biogas.

Supersonic ejectors offer a promising solution for extending low-pressure well life and increasing total power output in geothermal plants by entraining low-pressure fluid using a high-pressure primary flow. While steam supersonic ejectors are widely used in industrial applications such as refrigeration, their deployment in geothermal power generation remains largely unexplored, leaving a critical gap in field-validated numerical models for utility-scale two-phase systems. To address this, this study presents a 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) framework validated against industrial-scale field tests conducted at the Theistareykir Geothermal Power Plant in Iceland (connecting wells ThG-11 and ThG-15). Four RANS turbulence models (Standard $k-\epsilon$, RNG $k-\epsilon$, Realizable $k-\epsilon$, and $k-\omega$) were evaluated in ANSYS Fluent using a homogeneous Eulerian wet-steam formulation. The Realizable $k-\epsilon$ model demonstrated superior accuracy, achieving the lowest absolute error (6.4%) against field data. While non-equilibrium thermodynamic relaxation caused a systematic 8.9–12.6% overprediction in primary motive flow, secondary entrainment predictions closely tracked physical performance, with entrainment ratio errors reaching 0.00% under stable operation. Crucially, the model identifies operational boundaries: while field data places the physical backflow limit at an inlet pressure ratio of $2.2$ ($9.9\mathrm{bar}$ difference), numerical divergence near zero-entrainment establishes a conservative modelling threshold at $2.6$. By defining these physical and numerical limits while quantifying nozzle-sizing safety margins, this work provides a verified benchmark for scaling up CFD models for full-capacity geothermal ejector networks.