Flooding is a recurrent and significant natural disaster in Bangladesh, particularly affecting the Chattogram Division, which is vulnerable due to its geographical features and seasonal monsoon rainfall. This study assesses the impacts of flooding on catchment areas in the Chattogram Division from 1994 to 2024, utilizing advanced Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and remote sensing data. The analysis reveals a troubling trend, with flood-affected areas increasing substantially from 40% in 1994 to 64% in 2024, driven by factors such as extreme rainfall, upstream water management from the Dumboor Dam, and changes in local land use due to urbanization and deforestation. While previous research has addressed the broader implications of flooding in South Asia, there remains a notable gap in localized studies that focus specifically on the dynamics of flooding in the Chattogram Division. By integrating rainfall data with satellite imagery, this study provides novel insights into the relationship between hydrological changes and flood risk, employing a linear regression model that demonstrates a strong correlation between rainfalls and flooding. The findings highlight significant socio-economic repercussions, including disruptions to agriculture, infrastructure, and livelihoods, particularly in vulnerable districts like Noakhali, Feni, and Comilla. This research underscores the urgent need for effective flood management strategies and contributes valuable information to inform future policies aimed at enhancing resilience in flood-prone areas.

This paper explores the major push-pull and self-selective factors driving seasonal out-migration in Phulbari Upazila, Kurigram District, from an agricultural perspective. Seasonal migration, especially during lean agricultural periods, is a longstanding livelihood strategy in this region. The study utilizes primary and secondary data to understand the agricultural dynamics influencing past and present migration trends. Key factors contributing to seasonal out-migration include flooding and river erosion, agricultural off-seasons, landlessness, poverty, limited employment opportunities, climatic variability, debt, economic pressure, social networks, and migration traditions. The research reveals that natural vulnerabilities and seasonal food insecurity continue to drive migration. Due to uncertain climate change and weather conditions, rural areas suffered from seasonal hunger due to a lack of manpower and unsuitable soil conditions to harvest food for their people. This outlines the patterns, causes, and impacts of seasonal out-migration among agricultural workers in Bangladesh as well as how this condition affects the socioeconomic of a rural area, Phulbari Upazila, Kurigram. Most migrants are agricultural wage laborers, landless, and marginal farmers. The study also highlights that households' coping capacity is closely linked to the socio-economic status of the household head, with illiterate and low-income groups being more vulnerable than their educated and higher-income parts. This study identified the significant role of agricultural changes in shaping migration decisions and suggests that interventions aimed at reducing dependency on seasonal migration could foster sustainable development. The push factors, such as poverty and unemployment, are more influential than pull factors. Empowering migrants through education, safety nets, and diversified income opportunities, both in their villages and at migration destinations, can transform migration from a necessity into a choice. Collaboration works among communities, government, NGOs, and other stakeholders is important for implementing sustainable and impactful policies and strategies.