Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs), whether newly identified or re-emerging in human and animal populations, pose significant threats to global public health. China has experienced multiple EIDs outbreaks in recent years, underscoring the need for robust surveillance and early warning systems. Although China has established surveillance systems for events affecting climate, wildlife, livestock and poultry, and humans, the current systems remain inadequate for the early detection, monitoring, and prevention of zoonotic spillover events. The “One Health” approach, which integrates human, animal, and environmental health, offers a comprehensive strategy for mitigating EIDs risks. This study reviews China's national-level surveillance and early warning systems from a “One Health” perspective, highlighting key limitations and proposing future directions to enhance preparedness and response capabilities. The findings are intended to inform policy improvements and strengthen interdisciplinary collaboration for effective EIDs management.