This paper aims to investigate the delamination issues of laminated glass plates and the effect of boundary conditions on the delamination of laminated glass plates. Delamination of laminated glass which may be defined as reduction or total loss in the perfect bond between the glass sheets and the PVB interlayer is one of the most important failure modes. Due to delamination, the load-carrying capacity and structural stiffness of laminated glass unit can change significantly. The author conducted experimental and numerical studies about the delamination of laminated glass plate problem based on the results of digital image processing.

Cement manufacturing is a major source of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions globally. Cement replacement materials are increasingly used to minimize the environmental impact of concrete production. In the present study, the mechanical and environmental performance of concrete mixtures containing fly ash and recycled glass powder as partial cement replacements at levels of 10%, 20%, and 30% were investigated. Workability, unit weight, compressive strength, and water permeability tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of replacements on concrete behavior. Carbon emissions decreased as the substitution ratio increased, with the highest reduction (28.9%) observed in the mixture containing 30% fly ash. Compressive strength values ranged from 21.9 to 27.0 MPa, indicating that all mixtures fell within the intended strength range. Two types of cement replacements—fly ash (FA) and recycled glass powder (GP)—were evaluated separately. Compared to GP mixtures, FA mixtures generally exhibited lower permeability (up to 50%) and better strength retention (up to 9.6 percentage points), though both materials contributed to reducing embodied carbon. The mixture containing 30% fly ash demonstrated the highest environmental efficiency, with a carbon intensity of 10.84 kg CO₂/MPa, corresponding to a 19.2% reduction compared with the control. For recycled glass powder, the 20% replacement level offered the most balanced performance, while higher replacement ratios led to more pronounced strength losses. This study provides a direct comparison of FA and GP under identical mixture conditions using performance-normalized environmental indicators. The results indicate that, under the tested conditions, fly ash exhibits a better combination of carbon emission reduction and mechanical strength than recycled glass powder.

Cement manufacturing is one of the major sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions globally. Cement replacement materials are increasingly used to minimize the environ-mental impact of concrete production. In the present study, the mechanical and envi-ronmental performance of concrete mixtures containing fly ash and recycled glass powder as partial cement replacements at levels of 10%, 20%, and 30% were investigated. Workability, unit weight, compressive strength, and water permeability tests were con-ducted to evaluate the effect of replacements on the behavior of concrete. Carbon emissions and performance-normalized indicators were applied to evaluate environmental performance. It was observed that as the replacement level increased, the carbon emis-sions decreased. The highest reduction was observed at the 30% replacement level, as 28.9%. Compressive strength varied between 21.9 and 27 MPa. This indicates that all mixtures met the targeted strength range. The mixture with 30% fly ash demonstrated the highest environmental efficiency, with a carbon intensity of 10.84 kg CO₂/MPa. This in-dicates a 19.2% reduction compared to the control mixture. The sensitivity analysis re-vealed that changes in emission factors did not alter the order of the mixture.