This paper aims to incorporate the fractional derivative viscoelastic model into a finite element analysis. Firstly, based on the constitutive equation of the fractional derivative three-parameter solid model (FTS), the constitutive equation is discretized by using the Grünwald–Letnikov definition of the fractional derivative, and the stress increment and strain increment relationship and Jacobian matrix are obtained by using the difference method. Subsequently, we degrade the model to establish stress increment and strain increment relationships and Jacobian matrices for the fractional derivative Kelvin model (FK) and fractional derivative Maxwell model (FM). Finally, we further degrade the fractional derivative viscoelastic model to derive stress increment and strain increment relationships and Jacobian matrices for a three-component solid model and Kelvin and Maxwell models. Based on these developments, a UMAT subroutine is implemented in ABAQUS 6.14 finite element software. Three different loading modes, including static load, dynamic load, and mobile load, are analyzed and calculated. The calculations primarily involve a convergence analysis, verification of numerical solutions, and comparative analysis of responses among different viscoelastic models.

Currently, the research on the mechanical properties of rubber-modified asphalt mixtures primarily focuses on small-scale investigations, with insufficient exploration into the performance of rubber particles and their relationship with the mechanism and properties of modified asphalt mixtures. Limited studies have been conducted on large-scale rubber modification in asphalt mixtures. Due to frequent use and subsequent high damage to existing asphalt pavements, incorporating rubber-modified asphalt mixtures can partially alleviate premature deterioration. Dynamic modulus tests were conducted using MTS equipment under unconfined conditions to investigate the viscoelastic behavior of rubber-modified asphalt mixtures with high rubber content and elucidate the influence of rubber particle content on the elastic deformation and recovery capability. The dynamic mechanical properties of the mixtures were determined at different loading rates, temperatures, and types of rubber-modified asphalt mixtures. Based on the test data, variations in the dynamic modulus, phase angle, storage modulus, loss modulus, loss factor, and rut factor of the rubber-modified asphalt mixtures under different loading frequencies, temperatures, and types were analyzed. The results demonstrate the pronounced viscoelastic behavior of rubber-modified asphalt mixtures. The mixtures exhibit enhanced elasticity at low temperatures and high frequencies, while their viscosity becomes more prominent at high temperatures and low frequencies. Under constant test temperatures, an increase in load loading frequency leads to a higher dynamic modulus; conversely, a decrease in dynamic modulus is observed with increasing test temperatures. The dynamic modulus of ARHM-25 at a frequency of 10 Hz is found to be 12.99 times higher at 15 °C compared to that at 60 °C, while at 30 °C, the dynamic modulus at 25 Hz is observed to be 2.72 times greater than that at 0.1 Hz. Furthermore, the rutting resistance factors of the asphalt mixtures increase with loading frequency but decrease with temperature. The rutting factor for ARHM-13 at a frequency of 10 Hz is found to be 22.98 times higher at 15 °C compared to that at 60 °C, while at a temperature of 30 °C, the rutting factor for this material is observed to be 3.09 times greater at a frequency of 25 Hz than at 0.1 Hz. These findings suggest that rutting is most likely when vehicles drive at low speeds in hot weather conditions.

Filling-type large-size cement-stabilized macadam (F-LSBC) is a promising base material for mitigating reflection cracking in semi-rigid pavements. However, its engineering application is hindered by the challenge of balancing strength, crack resistance, and construction adaptability. More fundamentally, the relationship between micromechanical features—especially the interfacial transition zone (ITZ)—and the macroscopic behavior of filling-type cement-stabilized composites remains insufficiently understood. This study used conventional cement-stabilized macadam (CSM) as a reference and combined nanoindentation with macro-scale mechanical, fatigue, and drying shrinkage tests to clarify the micro–macro mechanisms of F-LSBC. Results show that the ITZ in F-LSBC exhibits substantially lower elastic modulus (reduced by 60–75%) and hardness (reduced by 55%), along with greater porosity and phase volume fraction than CSM. Cluster analysis revealed a thicker ITZ (55–90 μm vs. 40 μm), indicating notable interfacial weakening. These microstructural features lead to reduced strength and fatigue life. Nevertheless, due to its high coarse aggregate content and weak-interface-induced “crack-without-displacement” mechanism, F-LSBC demonstrates enhanced shrinkage resistance, with drying shrinkage reduced to 81.36% of that of CSM at 180 days. The findings emphasize the key role of ITZ characteristics in determining performance and suggest that improved interface engineering could enhance durability and shrinkage control in pavement bases.

With the aging of China’s expressway network, the number of maintenance projects continues to increase, and issues such as construction safety, driving risk, and traffic efficiency have become increasingly prominent. This paper systematically reviews relevant research progress from four aspects: safety characteristics, traffic capacity, work-zone layout, and speed limit management. The review indicates that Western scholars have made extensive use of rich data resources—such as traffic parameters and accident records from expressway maintenance road sections—and have developed relatively systematic and well-established research frameworks in theoretical analysis, practical application, and evaluation methods. In contrast, Chinese studies have mainly relied on specific maintenance projects, commonly employing on-site investigations and traffic simulations to address particular problems, with limited systematization and generalization. Looking forward, it is essential to further strengthen the standardized collection and statistical analysis of traffic data (including accident data) for expressway maintenance road sections. Meanwhile, for complex scenarios such as multi-lane segments, special road sections, reconstruction and expansion sections, as well as extreme climatic conditions and nighttime operations, comprehensive research should be conducted by leveraging new-generation driving simulation, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence technologies, thereby providing scientific support and methodological foundations for building a systematic theoretical framework for traffic safety in expressway maintenance road sections.