Department of Computer Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia Ashraf F. A. Mahmoud received a Ph.D. degree in information systems from Al Neelain University, Sudan, in 2022. He is currently a lecturer at the Department of Computer Science, Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia. He has more than ten years of experience in the IT field. His research interests include semantic web, data science, e-government, cloud computing, and strategic planning.