The objective of this study is a comparative analysis of the ballistic effectiveness of packages made of biaxial and triaxial Kevlar 29 fabrics under the hitting of Parabellum 9×19 bullet. We conduct both numerical simulations using the LS-Dyna program and experimental research in a ballistic research laboratory. Based on the comparative analysis of the results from the numerical and experimental research, demonstrated differences exist in the ballistic effectiveness between the packages made of biaxial fabrics and the packages consisting of triaxial fabrics. For this purpose, the residual velocity of the bullet is analyzed in detail in terms of the maximum deformation cone, the shape of the deformation cone, and the distribution of stress for the textile ballistic packages. It is established that the packages made of triaxial fabric show a considerably smaller deformation cone compared with the packages made of biaxial fabric, a more favorable shape of the deformation cone from the perspective of ballistic trauma and distribution of stress similar to materials with isotropic properties. Poorer properties are recorded for these packages in the case of the minimum number of layers necessary for stopping the bullet, which arises from the open-work structure of the fabric.

This article presents the results of numerical and experimental research on the ballistic performance of soft packages composed of biaxial and triaxial fabrics in various hybrid configurations. The main objective of these studies was to prove the hypothesis that a hybrid package composed of biaxial fabrics, on the impact side of a projectile, and triaxial fabrics, on the backside, exhibits greater ballistic efficiency than a package entirely composed of biaxial or triaxial fabrics. The research was conducted by shooting packages consisting of 30 layers of fabrics using a Parabellum 9 × 19 full metal jacket projectile, with a striking velocity of 380 m/s, after placing the packages on a Roma No.1 plasticine substrate. The analysis involved the deformation depth of the plasticine substrate and the perforation ratio of the packages. Optimisation studies revealed that the optimal package configuration should consist of 9 layers of biaxial fabrics on the projectile impact side and 21 layers of triaxial fabrics on the backside, indicating a biaxial to triaxial fabric ratio of approximately 1:3.

This article presents a comprehensive numerical and experimental analysis of the ballistic performance of soft bulletproof vests designed for women. The study involved a woman aged between 24 and 28 with a breast size of 85C. Two ballistic packages made from Twaron^® CT 709 fabric were designed and constructed for her, featuring cut-and-sew formed breast cups and differing significantly in the number of layers (16 and 30 layers). The impact of the number of layers on breast deformation during the shooting was analyzed using numerical modeling and experiments, which included a Parabellum 9 mm × 19 mm FMJ^® bullet and a Roma No. 1 plasticine substrate formed based on a plaster cast representing a woman’s figure. The research found that even significantly increasing the number of layers in the ballistic package did not lead to a substantial reduction in breast deformation during shooting. The likely reason for this is the cut-and-sew formed breast cups in the ballistic package, which easily undergo transverse deformation upon bullet impact. This suggests a need for further research to optimize the design of protective cups, which are crucial for proper force distribution and minimizing injuries during bullet impact. The conclusions drawn from this study could contribute to the development of more advanced and effective soft ballistic protection solutions for women.

Air pollution is currently the most significant environmental factor posing a threat to the health and lives of European residents. It is a key cause of poor health, particularly respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The primary aim of the study was to numerically determine the impact of the air purifier model’s geometry on the distribution of air within a room and to conduct experimental tests on the filtration efficiency and preliminary antibacterial activity of filtration composites. The scope of the work included designing an air purifier model in the form of a pendant lamp and performing computer simulations in Ansys software to identify the optimal shape. The experimental research focused on developing filtration composites consisting of nonwoven fabric with an active hydrosol layer, meltblown nonwovens and a carbon filter. The study results showed that the SMMS composite with 50% thyme and carbon nonwoven exhibited the highest filtration efficiency for both small and large particles.

This article evaluates selected performance parameters of commercial upholstery textiles that impact on user comfort and safety. The study included four commercial multilayer textiles: RIBCORD bright, RIBCORD dark, OREO, and ILIAS, each with varying morphology (thickness, number of layers, porosity, and raw material composition). Statistical analysis of the textile microstructure was conducted using high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The performance parameters of the textiles were determined based on tests of air permeability, tensile strength, abrasion and pilling resistance, and flammability. The significantly different results obtained for all performance parameters of the tested textiles are justified by the results of the microstructure analysis. A clear correlation was observed between air permeability and the porosity of the inner layer of all tested textiles. Tensile strength tests revealed significant mechanical anisotropy in all textiles. Abrasion and pilling resistance tests demonstrated very good properties for RIBCORD bright, RIBCORD dark, and OREO. Flammability tests have shown that OREO is a flame-retardant textile material.