Cancer continues to represent a substantial burden in terms of its morbidity and mortality, underscoring the imperative for the development of novel and efficacious treatment modalities. Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy have highlighted the importance of identifying tumour-specific antigens, which can assist the immune system in targeting malignant cells effectively. Phage display technology has emerged as an effective tool for the discovery of novel antigens through cDNA library screening, representing a significant advancement in the field of immunological research. This review examines the discovery of tumour antigens using phage display technology, emphasising the construction of cDNA libraries, their subsequent display on bacteriophages and the utilisation of diverse biopanning techniques. These elements play a pivotal role in advancing the discovery of novel tumour antigens and the development of targeted cancer therapies. This review addresses the challenges associated with the filamentous phage display of cDNA libraries and proposes strategies to improve the effectiveness of this approach, encouraging further research for clinical applications.