Trabecular bone is a highly porous, heterogeneous, and anisotropic material which can be found at the epiphyses of long bones and in the vertebral bodies. Studying the mechanical properties of trabecular bone is important, since trabecular bone is the main load bearing bone in vertebral bodies and also transfers the load from joints to the compact bone of the cortex of long bones. This review article highlights the high dependency of the mechanical properties of trabecular bone on species, age, anatomic site, loading direction, and size of the sample under consideration. In recent years, high resolution micro finite element methods have been extensively used to specifically address the mechanical properties of the trabecular bone and provide unique tools to interpret and model the mechanical testing experiments. The aims of the current work are to first review the mechanobiology of trabecular bone and then present classical and new approaches for modeling and analyzing the trabecular bone microstructure and macrostructure and corresponding mechanical properties such as elastic properties and strength.

Bone fracture is a very common body injury. The healing process is physiologically complex, involving both biological and mechanical aspects. Following a fracture, cell migration, cell/tissue differentiation, tissue synthesis, and cytokine and growth factor release occur, regulated by the mechanical environment. Over the past decade, bone healing simulation and modeling has been employed to understand its details and mechanisms, to investigate specific clinical questions, and to design healing strategies. The goal of this effort is to review the history and the most recent work in bone healing simulations with an emphasis on both biological and mechanical properties. Therefore, we provide a brief review of the biology of bone fracture repair, followed by an outline of the key growth factors and mechanical factors influencing it. We then compare different methodologies of bone healing simulation, including conceptual modeling (qualitative modeling of bone healing to understand the general mechanisms), biological modeling (considering only the biological factors and processes), and mechanobiological modeling (considering both biological aspects and mechanical environment). Finally we evaluate different components and clinical applications of bone healing simulation such as mechanical stimuli, phases of bone healing, and angiogenesis.

Numerical simulation of electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical responses of the human body to different stimuli in magnetic resonance imaging safety, antenna research, electromagnetic tomography, and electromagnetic stimulation is currently limited by the availability of anatomically adequate and numerically efficient cross-platform computational models or “virtual humans.” The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of modern human models and body region models available in the field and their important features.

The prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and rheumatoid arthritis is rising sharply with global ageing, increasing disability rates among older adults (aged ≥60 years), diminishing quality of life, and burdening health-care systems. Current musculoskeletal care for older adults faces multiple limitations, including comorbidities, frailty, and fragmented care. High osteoarthritis prevalence in individuals older than 55 years, the mounting economic burden of osteoporotic fractures, the growing concern of muscle mass decline, and insufficient guideline implementation collectively underscore these challenges. In the USA, musculoskeletal diseases affect over 121 million people and account for the highest rate of disability among all disease groups, underscoring the need for targeted strategies. Although promising solutions encompassing advanced pharmacological therapies, regenerative medicine, and digital health technologies (including artificial intelligence) are available, they remain underutilised in existing care models. This Personal View discusses the need for personalised, multidisciplinary approaches to address these issues, advocating for collaboration among the orthopaedic, geriatric, and health-care sectors in the USA. We propose that prevention of musculoskeletal diseases is key to its effective management in ageing populations, alongside a holistic, scalable approach that integrates diagnostics, therapy, and telemedicine. Early intervention, interdisciplinary collaboration, and personalised care are essential to improving patient outcomes and addressing the growing musculoskeletal disease burden in the USA.