Students learning performance is one of the core components for assessing any educational systems. Students performance is very crucial in tackling issues of learning process and one of the important matters to measure learning outcomes. The ability to use data knowledge to improve education systems has led to the development of the field of research known as educational data mining (EDM). EDM is the creation of techniques to investigate data gathered from educational settings, allowing for a more thorough and accurate understanding of students and the improvement of educational outcomes for them. The use of machine learning (ML) technology has increased significantly in recent years. Researchers and teachers can use the measurements of success, failure, dropout, and more provided by the discipline of data mining in education to predict and simulate education processes. Therefore, this work presents an analysis of students performance using data mining methods. The paper presents both clustering and classification techniques to identify the impact of students performance at early stage with on the GPA. For the clustering technique, the paper uses dimensionality reduction mechanism by T-SNE algorithm with various factors at early stage such as admission scores and first level courses, academic achievement tests (AAT) and general aptitude tests (GAT) in order to explore the relationship between these factors and GPA’s. For the classification technique, the paper presents experiments on different machine learning models on predicting student performance at early stages using different features including courses’ grades and admission tests’ scores. We use different assessment metrics to evaluate the quality of the models. The results suggest that educational systems can mitigate the risks of students failures at the early stages.

Hyperspectral imagery, capturing information beyond the visible spectrum, is essential for many remote sensing applications. This paper introduces a novel approach utilizing a 3D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) enhanced with self-attention mechanism to address the limitations of traditional architectures in hyperspectral image classification. The main problem tackled is the effective extraction of both spatial and spectral features from complex hyperspectral datasets. Our proposed model simultaneously analyzes spatial and spectral dimensions with improved accuracy and adaptability through self-attention. We systematically evaluate the performance of 1D CNN, 2D CNN, and 3D CNN models, alongside Multi-Column Neural Network (MCNN) and Hybrid Spectral Network (Hybrid SN) models, comparing them to our proposed approach. The evaluation, conducted on the Indian Pines and Salinas datasets, highlights significant improvements in classification accuracy and adaptability. Specifically, the proposed 3D CNN with self-attention achieves accuracy values of 98.45% and 91.32% on the Indian Pines and Salinas datasets, respectively. This paper provides critical insights for data scientists and remote sensing experts, contributing to informed decision-making in selecting CNN models tailored to specific application requirements and advancing the field of hyperspectral image classification (HSIC). Furthermore, our approach shows improved handling of the complex spectral variability and spatial heterogeneity inherent in hyperspectral data.

To assist developers refactored code and to enable improvements to software quality when numbers of clones are found in software programs, we require an approach to advise developers on what a clone needs to refactor and what type of refactoring is needed. This paper suggests a unique learning method that automatically extracts features from the detected code clones and trains models to advise developers on what type needs to be refactored. Our approach differs from others which specify types of refactored clones as classes and creates a model for detecting the types of refactored clones and the clones which are anonymous. We introduce a new method by which to convert refactoring clone type outliers into Unknown clone set to improve classification results. We present an extensive comparative study and an evaluation of the efficacy of our suggested idea by using state-of-the-art classification models.

Code clones. In this work, we propose a novel detection framework using machine learning for automated detection of all four type of clones. The features extracted from a pair of code blocks are combined for possible detection of a clone with respect to a reference block. We use AST and PDG features of both code blocks to prepare labelled training samples after fusing the two feature vectors using three different alternatives. We use six state-of-the-art classification models including Deep Convolutional Neural Network to assess the prediction performance of our scheme. To access the effectiveness of our framework we use seven datasets and compare its performance with five state-of-the-art clone detectors. We also compare a large number of algorithms for code clone detection. Comparing the performance of a large number of machine learning techniques, ANN and non-ANN, using such features, and establishing that fusing of AST and PDG features gives competitive results using deep learning as well as boosted tree algorithms, we find that boosted tree algorithms like XGBoost are quite competitive in clone detection. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach outperforms existing clone detection methods in terms of prediction accuracy.

The code clone detection issue has been researched using a number of explicit factors based on the tokens and contents and found effective results. However, exposing code contents may be an impractical option because of privacy and security factors. Moreover, the lack of scalability of past methods is an important challenge. The code flow states can be inferred by code structure and implicitly represented using empirical graphs. The assumption is that modelling of the code clone detection problem can be achieved without the content of the codes being revealed. Here, a Graph-of-Code concept for the code clone detection problem is introduced, which represents codes into graphs. While Graph-of-Code provides structural properties and quantification of its characteristics, it can exclude code contents or tokens to identify the clone type. The aim is to evaluate the impact of graph-of-code structural properties on the performance of code clone detection. This work employs a feature extraction-based approach for unlabelled graphs. The approach generates a ‘Graph Fingerprint’ which represents different topological feature levels. The results of code clone detection indicate that code structure has a significant role in detecting clone types. We found different GoC-models outperform others. The models achieve between 96% to 99% in detecting code clones based on recall, precision, and F1-Score. The GoC approach is capable in detecting code clones with scalable dataset and with preserving codes privacy.

Recently, distributed systems have become the backbone of technological development. It serves as the foundation for new trends technologies such as blockchain, the internet of things and others. A distributed system provides fault tolerance and decentralization, where a fault in any component does not result in a whole system failure. In addition, deep learning model enables processing data to find patterns, which helps in classification, regression, prediction, and clustering. This work employs deep learning to handle faults within distributed systems in three scenarios. Firstly, a faulty processor may not be able to produce the right output. Therefore, deep learning model uses the inputs and outputs of other processors to find patterns and produces the proper output of the faulty processor. Secondly, if a faulty possessor corrupts its inputs as well, then the deep learning model learns from the inputs and the outputs of successful processors and produces the proper output of the faulty processor, even with corrupted inputs. Thirdly, for unrelated data, in which the patterns of the input of the faulty processors differ from the patterns of the inputs of successful ones. In this case, the model is able to discover the new pattern and to be labeled as unknown. In the experiments, we use deep learning models like VGG16, VGG19, AlexNet LSTM and ResNet34, to investigate the performance of the deep learning in the three mentioned scenarios. For unstructured datasets, the accuracy of the models is affected by the size of the faulty data. The accuracy of all models lies between 60% when the size of the faulty data is 90%, and 96%, when the size of the faulty data is 90%. The structured datasets are not significantly affected by the portion of the faulty data and the accuracy reaches 99%.