Weeds cause significant yield and economic losses by competing with crops and increasing production costs. Compounding these challenges are labor shortages, herbicide resistance, and environmental pollution, making weed management increasingly difficult. In response, precision weed control (PWC) technologies, such as robots and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have emerged as innovative solutions. These tools offer farmers high precision (±1 cm spatial accuracy), enabling efficient and sustainable weed management. Herbicide spraying robots, mechanical weeding robots, and laser-based weeders are deployed on large-scale farms in developed countries. Similarly, UAVs are gaining popularity in many countries, particularly in Asia, for weed monitoring and herbicide application. Despite advancements in robotic and UAV weed control, their large-scale adoption remains limited. The reasons for this slow uptake and the barriers to widespread implementation are not fully understood. To address this knowledge gap, our review analyzes 155 articles and provides a comprehensive understanding of PWC challenges and needed interventions for scaling. This review revealed that AI-driven weed mapping in robots and UAVs struggles with data (quality, diversity, bias) and technical (computation, deployment, cost) barriers. Improved data (collection, processing, synthesis, bias mitigation) and efficient, affordable technology (edge/hybrid computing, lightweight algorithms, centralized computing resources, energy-efficient hardware) are required to improve AI-driven weed mapping adoption. Specifically, robotic weed control adoption is hindered by challenges in weed recognition, navigation complexity, limited battery life, data management (connectivity), fragmented farms, high costs, and limited digital literacy. Scaling requires advancements in weed detection and energy efficiency, development of affordable robots with shared service models, enhanced farmer training, improved rural connectivity, and precise engineering solutions. Similarly, UAV adoption in agriculture faces hurdles such as regulations (permits), limited payload and battery life, weather dependency, spray drift, sensor accuracy, lack of skilled operators, high initial and operational costs, and absence of standardized protocol. Scaling requires financing (subsidies, loans), favorable regulations (streamlined permits, online training), infrastructure development (service providers, hiring centers), technological innovation (interchangeable sensors, multipurpose UAVs), and capacity building (farmer training programs, awareness initiatives).

Understanding the pattern of regional climatic extremes is essential for creating an important adaptation measure to safeguard farmers from monsoon tantrums. This paper focuses on the rainfall variability and intensity for spatially different locations of Tamil Nadu. The daily rainfall data over a period of 30 years (1990-2019) for the study locations were collected from the constituent research centres of TNAU. The results indicated that an increasing trend in SWM rainfall was observed in Coimbatore (209.3 to 300.6mm), Ooty (681.4 to 703.1mm), Aduthurai (227.8 to 320.6mm), Kovilpatti (132.8 to 141.3 mm) while the decreasing trend was observed in rest of the places. A decreasing trend was reported in general for all the places during NEM. The decreasing trend in the number of rainy days was registered in Kovilpatti, Virudhunagar and Killikulam that exhibits an alert in modifying the crop planning programme in those areas. The frequency of rainfall intensity revealed that except Ooty, the number of Heavy Rain (HR) to VHR(VHR) was found to be meagre to absent in most of the study locations.

Weeds are a severe menace to crop cultivation as they interfere with crop growth and development and result in considerable loss in yield of oil seed crops. As a result, farmers have widely used synthetic herbicides for weed management. Using herbicides guides various environmental and health issues, and researchers have been exploring alternative environmentally friendly ways of controlling weeds. Among these, incorporating allelopathy as a tool in an integrated weed management approach could significantly bring down herbicide usage. Allelopathy refers to the influence of one plant on another in its surroundings or on associated microflora/microfauna through the release of allelochemicals that intervene with the growth of plants. In field crops, allelopathy can be applied through intercropping, crop rotation, cover crops, mulching and allelopathic water extracts to manage weeds. Research evidence indicates that oil seed crops possess potent allelo chemicals that have great potential to be utilized as natural herbicides. This review aims to outline oil seed crops allelopathy that releases effective allelo chemicals with the possibility of being used in oil seed crop cultivation. By applying the allelopathy principles, farmers can pursue environmentally friendly and sustainable weed control techniques and improve crop yield and quality.

Integrating crop and livestock production, especially with cattle, is vital for food security and economic growth in India. The livestock sector helps increase farm income, boosts the national economy, and provides employment opportunities for millions of people. However, productivity lags global standards due to shortages of quality feeds, including green fodder, dry fodder, and concentrates. Stagnant fodder crop cultivation and dwindling permanent pastures exacerbate the challenge of meeting the rising demand for milk and meat. Addressing these issues is crucial for enhancing livestock productivity and sustaining agriculture. This review highlights the importance of fodder pelletization, compressing animal feeds into dense pellets using a pellet mill. Pelleted feeds offer balanced diets, improved digestibility, and nutrient absorption, with benefits including long-lasting preservation, enhanced handling, stability, bulk density, and palatability. Factors influencing the pelleting process, such as ingredient characteristics, drying, grinding, conditioning, steam pressure, and moisture content, are examined in depth. The positive effects of pelleted feed on ruminant growth and productivity, particularly in cattle and goats, are emphasized, including improvements in milk yield, weight gain, and reproductive performance. These findings emphasize the potential of pelletized feed to address challenges related to fodder scarcity, feed wastage, and transportation costs. This provides valuable insights for efficient diet management in livestock production.