Pulse beetle ( Callosobruchus maculatus) is a common weevil that is responsible for up to 24% of stored pulse losses. Using black gram grain storage, the efficiency of carbon dioxide gas against all life stages of Callosobruchus maculatus insects was tested at various concentrations and exposure times. The trials were carried out in pilot bins with a capacity of 25 kg. At a CO₂ concentration of 50%, complete mortality of the egg stage of Callosobruchus maculatus was attained after 72 h of continuous exposure. At a CO₂ concentration of 60% for 48 h, 100% larva mortality was achieved. At the most tolerant stage of pupa, recorded complete mortality is at a CO₂ concentration of 70% for 96 hours of the exposure period. Adult insects are especially vulnerable to the high CO₂ concentration. Adult mortality was achieved at a concentration of 20% with an exposure period of 48 h. The CO₂-treated black grams were then stored for three months with the optimized CO₂ concentration and exposure period, while physiochemical parameters such as water retention capacity and physiological loss in weight were determined. Grain stored in the silo showing significant 100% mortality of egg was measured after 20-25 days of observation. The use of a controlled atmosphere storage bin increased the mortality of the insect C. maculatus at all developmental stages, by means of increasing CO₂ concentration and exposure time. Grain stored in a controlled atmosphere silo showed minimum losses of grain (4.10%) compared to the gunny bag storage (22.56%).

In recent years, there has been a significant focus on replacing non-biodegradable materials with eco-friendly biodegradable food packaging materials. The use of biopolymers in packaged foods has been adopted to address environmental issues, given their ability to decompose naturally and being non-hazardous. Despite these benefits, biopolymers present notable drawbacks such as inadequate mechanical strength and restricted ability to withstand water. Over the past two decades, nanotechnology has been increasingly investigated for use in food packaging due to its remarkable qualities. This review article aims to give a summary of the most recent research on the new advancement of nanomaterials for food packaging.

Hermetic storage is entirely organic, requiring no chemical or biological intervention than any other technique. Studies were done with hermetically sealed black gram at 12% moisture content in metal bin, GrainPro bag and Storezo bag for 2 months, compared with woven polypropylene bags. Observations on the moisture content (%), Callosobruchus maculatus mortality and carbon dioxide concentration were made along with temperature and relative humidity. It was observed that the moisture content in metal bin, GrainPro bag, Storezo bag and control increased after 2 months-from 12.32 to 12.41%, 12.23 to 12.73%, 12.23 to 12.76% and 12.12 to 13.44% respectively; 95% mortality of C. maculatus was observed in metal bin, while GrainPro and Storezo bag resulted in 90% mortality. The CO₂ concentration in metal bin, GrainPro, Storezo and control increased from 0.03 to 15.37%, 14.83%, 15.27% and 3.37%, respectively. Results reveal that the hermetically sealed metal bin, GrainPro bags and Storezo bags prolong the storability of black gram grains compared to the polypropylene bag.

A comparison of the drying methods of the tray and the hot air oven for avocado fruit (Lauraceae) in terms of the amount of protein present (g/100 g) is the obj A comparison of the drying methods of the tray and the hot air oven for avocado fruit (Lauraceae) in terms of the amount of protein present (g/100 g) is the obj