: This article presents an overview of the copyright issues arising from tweets and re-tweets from a Jordanian prospective. While this is not a comparative study, the author refers in brief to other jurisdictions, in particular to the US Copyright Act and the United Kingdom Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, in addition to selected cases from the above-mentioned jurisdictions. This article addresses the following three main questions. The first issue questions whether the 140-character limit enjoys copyright protection? And, therefore, would a re-tweet constitute copyright infringement? The second issue concerns whether posting an original image on a Twitter post can be considered a copyright infringement. The final issue to be discussed in this article is whether reposting a Tweet constitutes fair dealing.

Biodiversity plays an important role in providing essential plants and animals for humans, but also preserves the environmental balance. Therefore, any biological imbalance can have serious and irreversible consequences due to the inability to reverse the negative results. With the increasing role played by genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in our lives, and the creation of new applications on living organisms, the international community may face dangerous issues without the correct international or local regulations. Although modern biotechnology plays an important role in improved human welfare, it can still have negative effects on the environment, biodiversity, and human health. The importance of this work lies in its analysis of basic international documents on the issue of the release and transfer of GMOs. It explains how to address the issue of damage liability when dealing with these organisms, whether on biological diversity, the environment, or human health. The research also addresses the most important Arab legislation on the conditions for the release of these organisms and the introduction of their products to the market.

This article aims to investigate the definition of mortgage and will clarify and address the Importance of mortgage and the application of maritime mortgage (vessel and ancillaries thereof). It is known that contracts affect the parties thereto and third parties. Therefore, we explored the effects of the mortgage contract on the creditor (mortgagee) in terms of the assignment of the mortgage right to a third party, the method of enforcement on the mortgaged vessel, and his right in priority and tracking. Moreover, the article examines the effects of the maritime mortgage on the debtor (mortgagor). We also explained that the debtor (mortgagor) is the principal party in the mortgage contract, amongst the effects thereof, to manage the mortgaged vessel with ordinary diligence, exert the effort required to maintain it, and clarify the disposals, which may be effected on the mortgaged vessel. We concluded that the maritime mortgage rules outlined in the UAE Maritime Commercial Law (26) of 1981 must be updated to promote foreign investment in the State, particularly since the said law was enacted in 1981 and various changes have taken place from that time in the field of maritime commerce.

This study investigates the concept of technological protection measures (hereinafter referred to as TPMs), and the conditions required for the TPM, in addition to the levels of TPM under the UAE, US legislation and WIPO treaties. We explored the legitimate reasons for circumventing TPM under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (hereinafter referred to as DMCA), and whether such exceptions are presented under the UAE legislation. We concluded that the UAE Copyright and Related Rights did not include specific exceptions that allow circumventing TPMs.

Through a comparative legal study among United Arab Emirates, Jordan, Egypt, and Syria, in addition to a review of certain international agreements, this article addresses exclusions in inventions. These exclusions are divided into two parts: the traditional exclusions, which cover all types of inventions regardless of their topic, such as discoveries, scientific theories, and mathematical methods; and the special exclusions, in particular plants and animals because they belong to everyone and no one may monopolize them exclusively and prevent others from benefiting from them. Moreover, biological methods for producing plants and animals are also excluded. In addition, human-related inventions—mainly organs, tissues, cells, natural biological materials, DNA, and genomes—are excluded from patentability. The reason for this exclusion is because these inventions make the human body a mere resource through which various biotechnology applications are used to obtain patents that are commercially exploited to serve the interests of biotechnology companies and developed countries.

Purpose – This paper aims to investigates the concept of conversion and will discuss the effects of conversion on the partners and the company's creditors without discussing the effects of conversion for the converted company. Design/methodology/approach – This article compares two jurisdictions in middle east – United Arab Emirates, and Jordan. To find out how both jurisdictions have dealt with the effects of the public joint stock companies’ conversion on partners and creditors of the company. Findings – The article reached a set of findings, for example, it is not permissible for the transferred company to dissociate itself from the contracts that it had concluded before the transfer. The UAE legislator has done well when it explicitly stated that the rights of the partners or shareholders may not be violated towards the shareholders and creditors of the transferred company, holders of loan, bonds, or sukuk, and any interested party. Originality/value – Previous studies have been based on one jurisdiction, other than this study, which compared two jurisdictions in the middle east. Also, this article examined the recent commercial companies law issued in the United Arab Emirates. In addition, this article focused on one type of company, which is the public joint stock company.