This study presents a detailed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation into the aerodynamic performance of the NREL Phase VI wind turbine, focusing on torque and power generation under different turbulence models. The primary objective was to analyse the effect of various turbulence models and their responses in wind turbine torque generation. Furthermore, it also investigates the distance effect on wind velocity deficit. The research utilizes 2D and 3D simulations of the S809 airfoil and the full rotor, examining the predictive capabilities of the k-epsilon, k-omega, and k-omega SST turbulence models. The study incorporates both experimental validation and wake analysis using the Gaussian wake model to assess wind velocity deficits. Simulations were conducted for a wind speed range of (6–10 m/s), with results indicating that the k-epsilon model provided the closest match to experimental data, particularly at higher wind speeds within the targeted range. Even though k-epsilon results had better agreement when validated with experimental data, theoretically k-omega (SST) should perform better as it combines k-epsilon and k-omega advantages in predicting the flow regardless of its farness from the wall. However, in simulations using the k-omega (SST), the separation of flow and the shear stress transients were only visible at wind speeds of 10 m/s or higher. Wake effects, on the other hand, were found to cause significant velocity deficits behind the turbine, following an exponential decay pattern. The findings offer valuable insights into improving wind turbine performance through turbulence model selection and wake impact analysis, providing practical guidelines for future wind energy optimizations.

In this study, char analysis was carried out, produced during the co-gasification process of empty fruit bunch pellet (EFBP) and oil palm shell (OPS). The analysis aims to characterise char samples with three different fuel compositions of 100% EFBP, 75% EFBP; 25% OPS and 50% EFBP; 50% OPS. Two analysis was carried out, namely physical analysis and chemical analysis, using a bomb calorimeter, moisture analyser and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In general, it was found that the moisture content and calorific value increase with a higher amount of oil palm shell (OPS) in the fuel mixture. The calorific value ranged from 2.703 MJ/kg to 6.001 MJ/kg, while the moisture content ranged from 20.55% to 9.65%. The energy content in the char is relatively high based on the energy value. Therefore, it was found that the 6.001 MJ/kg calorific value char sample is suitable for use as gasification fuel. For the moisture, the char sample that mixed from 50% EFB pellet and 50% OPS had the lowest moisture content value. This value proves that this char sample is suitable for gasification fuel with its low moisture content. The FTIR analysis found that the char contains alcohol, alkane, alkene, carbonyl and aromatic chemical functional groups.

The exploration of oil and gas, as well as the offshore and production facilities, are susceptible to external loadings resulting from environmental loads, equipment loads, or loads imposed as a result of the platform’s addition of extra appurtenances. Before any future modifications to an existing platform can be performed, the platform’s configuration must be updated. The purpose of this work is to describe the updated configuration, computational modelling, and load formulae for the BAJT-H Platform as a result of the Baram South Redevelopment Project. Thus, the load situations that will cover the platform alteration are simulated, together with the consequent load formulations that will be considered. The resulting load formulas demonstrate that the jacket structure is capable of withstanding the increased loadings associated with structural appurtenances, live loads, and environmental loads that the platform will face following its proposed future upgrade.

TVD schemes have many selections of limiters, but the recommendation of limiters for specific cases is not available in the literature. This study focuses on incorporating two flux limiters as the extension of the TVD schemes proposed by Harten-Yee and Davis-Yee and extends the test case on external flows, blunt-body. The method used in this study is Harten-Yee Upwind TVD and Davis-Yee Symmetric TVD scheme with different limiter functions to simulate cases for two-dimensional compressible flow. The results show that all the limiter functions can capture shock waves when the flow passes through the geometry at Mach number . The flow features such as bow shock, oblique shock, shock wave reflection, interaction, and expansion wave can all be captured in the case of the bump in a channel and wedge. While in the case of the external supersonic flow passing through the blunt-body, the presence of a bow shock was captured. We discovered that Davis-Yee limiter number 2 performs significantly better than other proposed Davis-Yee and Harten-Yee limiters for the case in this study. Therefore, the Davis-Yee Upwind TVD method is recommended to be applied for the identical case on the expansion of this study