This study focused on examining the early stages of tea cultivation (1, 3, and 5 years) in mountainous tea plantations. It specifically aimed to investigate the changes in soil micro-ecology at different locations (inter-row, terrace surfaces, and terrace walls). It was revealed that as tea tree cultivation progressed over the years, bacterial diversity and co-occurrence networks annually decreased in different locations. The results of soil physicochemical index analysis showed that the soil’s available nutrients and the activities of cellulase and protease increased. Furthermore, the amplitude of variation of these indexes in the inter-row soil was significantly higher than that on the terrace surfaces and the terrace walls (p < 0.05). Alterations occurred in the soil microbial community structure, with an enrichment of bacterial genera such as Sinomonas, Granulicella, and Sphingomonas, as well as fungal genera such as Trichoderma, Penicillium, and Talaromyces; an increase in the proportion of plant pathogenic fungi (Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Curvularia) was observed in the inter-row soil. The results of soil microbial function prediction showed that nitrification and nitrogen fixation decreased, but denitrification increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, cultivating tea trees in mountainous terraced plantations significantly impacted the soil microbial community, accelerated the metabolism of soil organic matter, disrupted soil nitrogen cycling functions, and increased the presence of plant pathogenic fungal pathogens. Moreover, the changes in the structure and functions of the soil microbial community demonstrate a spatial distance effect across different terrace locations.

Intercropping, a well-established agroecological technique designed to bolster ecological stability, has been shown to have a significant impact on soil health. However, the specific effects of tea/Trachelospermum jasminoides intercropping on the physicochemical properties and functional microbial community structure in practical cultivation have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we utilized high-throughput sequencing technology on the 16S/ITS rDNA genes to assess the impact of tea intercropping with T. jasminoides on the composition, diversity, and potential functions of the soil microbial community in tea gardens. The results indicated that the tea/T. jasminoides intercropping system significantly increased pH levels, soil organic matter, available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and enzyme activity, ultimately augmenting soil nutrient levels. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis of the bacterial co-occurrence network and topological structure portrayed a more intricate and interconnected soil bacterial community in tea gardens. Remarkably, the abundance of beneficial genera, including Burkholderia, Mesorhizobium, Penicillium, and Trichoderma, underwent a substantial increase, whereas the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Curvularia experienced a marked decline. Functional predictions also indicated a notable enhancement in the abundance of microorganisms associated with nitrogen and carbon cycling processes. In summary, the intercropping of tea and T. jasminoides holds the potential to enrich soil nutrient content, reshape the microbial community structure, bolster the abundance of functional microorganisms, and mitigate the prevalence of pathogenic fungi. Consequently, this intercropping system offers a promising solution for sustainable tea garden management, overcoming the limitations of traditional cultivation methods and providing valuable insights for sustainable agriculture practices.

Oolong tea presents notable variations in taste profile and aroma characteristics under different cultivation conditions, particularly across altitudes. However, systematic investigations into the altitude-induced differences in key taste compounds and aroma composition remain limited. In this study, we examined six oolong tea cultivars, comparing their taste-related chemical constituents and aroma profiles under high- and low-altitude cultivation. Sensory evaluation, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) were employed to characterize these differences. Sensory evaluation revealed that high-altitude oolong teas exhibited enhanced umami, sweetness, and floral intensity. In most cultivars, the levels of free amino acids, polyphenols, and soluble sugar were relatively higher under high-altitude conditions. HS-SPME-GC-MS identified 55 common volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with terpenes and esters comprising the largest number of compounds. Identification by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) combined with relative odor activity value (rOAV) screening yielded 22 candidate differential volatile organic compounds. Floral monoterpenes, including linalool, linalool oxide II and geraniol, were consistently higher in high-altitude teas, whereas most other volatiles varied primarily with cultivar rather than altitude. These chemical patterns are consistent with the sensory finding of stronger floral intensity in high-altitude samples. This study provides theoretical insights for cultivar selection and quality improvement of oolong tea grown in high-altitude regions.

Long-term monoculture of tea plants can harm soil ecosystems, while intercropping is considered a sustainable agricultural strategy that enhances ecological stability. However, the effects of intercropping tea plants with bamboo fungus on their growth remain unclear. This study conducted a field experiment to compare the soil physicochemical properties of tea plants under monoculture and intercropping with bamboo fungus, and assessed microbial community diversity through high-throughput sequencing. Results indicated that intercropping with bamboo fungus significantly improved soil water retention, with soil water-holding capacity and field water-holding capacity increasing by 49.07% and 48.77%, respectively. Soil nutrient availability was notably enhanced, with organic matter, available phosphorus, and available potassium increasing by 22.5%, 80.21%, and 56.13%, respectively. Bacterial community composition shifted markedly under intercropping, with significant enrichment of Gemmatimonadota, Devosia, and Conexibacter. Functional analysis revealed a restructuring of nitrogen cycling processes, characterized by increased nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and nitrogen respiration. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated higher modularity and eigencentrality in intercropped soils, suggesting enhanced microbial interactions and ecological resilience. These findings highlight that bamboo fungus intercropping reshapes soil physicochemical properties and enriches beneficial microbial taxa, thereby offering a sustainable approach to improve soil fertility and ecosystem functionality in tea plantations.

High-altitude environments provide a favorable basis for tea quality formation, but suitable processing parameters for high-altitude Oolong Tea (HAOT, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) remain unclear. This study optimized key processing parameters for HAOT using a three-factor, three-level orthogonal design involving withering method, shaking intensity and standing time. Sensory evaluation, quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), macro-compositions determination, headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), multivariate statistics and correlation analysis were used to clarify quality differences and their chemical basis. Leaf anatomical observation showed that high-altitude fresh leaves had a thicker cuticle and more compact mesophyll structure, suggesting the need for targeted processing regulation. Range analysis indicated that shaking intensity had the largest R value for sensory scores, followed by withering method, whereas standing time showed a comparatively small R value. The favorable combination was combined withering, heavy shaking (6 rounds) and 60 min standing, hereafter referred to as FHM. FHM showed the highest floral and fruity aroma scores and produced a mellow, full-bodied taste with a sweet aftertaste. It also contained significantly higher flavonoid and soluble sugar levels than the other processing combinations. A total of 65 volatile organic compounds were detected, with terpenoids and esters as the dominant classes. ROAV analysis identified geraniol, linalool, β-ionone, (E)-nerolidol and benzaldehyde as representative major aroma-active compounds, while geraniol and linalool were especially prominent in FHM. Correlation analysis further linked flavonoids and soluble sugars with positive taste attributes, and linalool and geraniol with floral–fruity aroma. These results provide a practical basis for optimizing HAOT processing and improving product quality.

Oolong tea is prized for its floral aroma and bioactive tea polysaccharides (TPS), yet the independent contribution of cultivar genetic background to aroma chemistry and TPS functionality remains unclear due to confounding effects from environment and processing. Here, we systematically compared volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles and in vitro antioxidant activities of TPS from six Anxi oolong tea cultivars all grown in the same tea garden and processed under identical Qingxiang oolong tea protocols. Using headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 39 VOCs were identified across cultivars. Huangjingui exhibited the highest total VOC content (69.01 μg·g⁻¹) and the greatest number of compounds with relative odor activity values (rOAV) over 1. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering revealed clear metabolic separation among cultivars, with Daye Wulong displaying the most distinct metabolome. PLS-DA combined with rOAV screening identified 12 key differential volatiles that form the chemical basis of floral aroma. Preliminary in silico molecular docking predicted the strongest binding affinity between nerolidol and OR1A1 (−7.54 kcal/mol). Cultivar-specific high rOAV volatiles were characterized, including (E)-2-octenal and 1-phenyl-2-nitroethane in Tieguanyin, 2-phenylethyl-2-methylbutyrate and cis-3-hexenyl isovalerate in Maoxie, α-ocimene and cis-3-hexenyl benzoate in Daye Wulong, and (E,E,Z)-1,3,5,8-undecatetraene in Meizhan, suggesting their potential as chemical markers for cultivar authentication. Crude TPS yields ranged from 2.76% to 3.99%; Tieguanyin had the highest yield and Meizhan the lowest. TPS from Daye Wulong exhibited the strongest DPPH and ABTS⁺· scavenging capacities, with IC₅₀ values of 0.58 and 1.95 mg·mL⁻¹, respectively, indicating the highest in vitro antioxidant activity among all tested samples. These results suggest that cultivar genetic background may be a primary determinant of both aroma metabolites and TPS bioactivity, providing a theoretical basis for cultivar selection and quality optimization in oolong tea production.