This study examines global, regional, and national trends in melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) burden from 1990 to 2021, their socioeconomic associations, and projects future trends. Data was extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database, focusing on malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Joinpoint regression, age-period-cohort modeling, and decomposition analysis were used to assess temporal trends. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) was applied to examine the correlation between skin cancer burden and socioeconomic development, and ARIMA models forecasted future trends. The global burden of skin cancers has shown significant growth over the study period, with the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) rising globally (Estimated Annual Percentage Change, EAPC = 1.94%) from 1990 to 2021. This increase was particularly pronounced for BCC and SCC, while the melanoma DALYs rate declined (EAPC = -0.67%). In 2021, the most recent year covered, the global incidence of skin cancers was 6.64 million cases, with an ASIR of 77.66 per 100,000 and a disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) burden of 2.89 million cases. Significant geographic disparities were observed, with Australasia and North America reporting the highest ASIR, while middle-SDI regions exhibited rapid increases. Skin cancer incidence is rising globally, driven by demographic changes, increased UV exposure, and improved detection. The burden of melanoma has decreased, which may be related to advances in treatment. Targeted prevention, equitable access to care, and tailored regional strategies are crucial to mitigating the growing impact of skin cancers worldwide.

Background: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with increased macrophage infiltration. However, the molecular mechanism remains unclear.Objectives: To determine the significance of macrophage infiltration, and the correlation between Guanylate‐binding protein 5 (GBP5) and polarization of macrophages in rosacea‐like inflammation.Methods: Here we tested the hypothesis that Guanylate‐binding protein 5 (GBP5) aggravates rosacea‐like skin inflammation by promoting the polarization of the M1 macrophages through the NF‐κB signalling pathway. We depleted macrophage by injecting clodronate‐containing liposomes. We next explored the association between GBP5 and macrophage in rosacea tissue through transcriptome analysis and immunofluorescence analysis. We evaluated the severity of rosacea‐like skin inflammation when BALB/c mice were injected with GBP5 siRNA intradermally daily for three consecutive days. At last, to study the causality of knocking down GBP5‐blunted M1 macrophage polarization, THP‐1 cell was treated with GBP5 siRNA.Results: Macrophage depletion ameliorated rosacea‐like skin inflammation in mice, implying the important role of macrophages in rosacea. Based on the transcriptome analysis, Guanylate‐binding protein 5 (GBP5) was identified as hub gene that was associated with macrophage infiltration in rosacea. Next, we found that GBP5 expression was significantly upregulated in rosacea tissues and positively correlated with macrophage infiltration, the immunofluorescence analysis revealed the co‐localization between GBP5 and macrophages. In vivo, silencing of GBP5 attenuated rosacea‐like skin inflammation in the LL‐37‐induced mouse model and suppressed the expression of M1 signature genes such as IL‐6, iNOS and TNF‐a. In vitro, knocking down GBP5 significantly blunted the polarization of the M1 macrophages partly by repressing the activation of the NF‐κB signalling pathways.Conclusions: Together, our study revealed the important role of macrophages in rosacea and identified GBP5 as a key regulator of rosacea by inducing M1 macrophage polarization via NF‐κB signalling pathways.

Background: Accumulating evidence shows that dysregulation of intestinal flora is associated with inflammatory skin diseases, specifically atopic dermatitis (AD), psoriasis (PSO), and rosacea (ROS). However, the causality is still unclear.Objectives: To study the underlying causality between gut microbiota (GM) and AD, PSO, and ROS, a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) analysis was conducted.Methods: Summary statistics of gut microbiota, AD, PSO, and ROS were extracted from large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWASs). In 2SMR analysis, in addition to the inverse variance weighted as the principal method for evaluating causal association, four different methods were also used. Sensitivity analysis and reverse 2SMR study were implemented to evaluate the robustness of 2SMR results or reverse causal relationship, respectively.Results: A total of 24 specific gut microbiota species related to AD, PSO, and ROS were identified by 2SMR analysis. After using the Bonferroni method for multiple testing correction, family FamilyXIII (ID: 1957) [OR = 1.28 (1.13, 1.45), p = 9.26e−05] and genus Eubacteriumfissicatenagroup (ID: 14373) [OR = 1.20 (1.09, 1.33), p = 1.65e−04] were associated with an increased risk for AD and PSO, respectively. The genus Dialister showed a negative association, suggesting a protective role against both atopic dermatitis and rosacea. Our reverse 2SMR analysis indicated no reverse causality between these inflammatory skin diseases and the identified gut microbiota.Conclusions: In summary, this study provided evidence for the causality between GM and inflammatory skin diseases. These findings suggested that supplementing specific bacterial taxa may be an effective therapy for AD, PSO, and ROS.

• The full identification of ASFV's antigenic epitopes is essential for the creation of targeted serological assays and the development of efficacious subunit vaccines. • The p30 protein is capable of producing neutralizing antibodies. • The monoclonal antibody specifically recognized transiently expressed p30 protein and the inactivated ASFV Pig/HLJ/2018 strain. • The monoclonal antibody against p30 protein recognized a novel linear and immunodominant epitope. • These findings may serve as a basis for the development of serological diagnostic methods and subunit vaccines.

Background: Rosacea, a recurring dermatological disorder, demands effective therapeutic approaches. Traditional Chinese medicine, particularly Liangxue Siwu Decoction (LXSWD), has shown promise in managing inflammatory skin diseases, such as rosacea. This study focuses on uncovering LXSWD’s specific effects on the inflammatory symptoms of rosacea. Objective: Our research investigates LXSWD’s therapeutic effectiveness in rosacea treatment and delves into its underlying mechanisms. Methods: Network pharmacology was utilized to identify LXSWD’s key components and their targets in rosacea management, which were then validated by molecular docking. An in vivo rosacea-like model in LL-37-induced mice was developed, subdividing them into control, model, and LXSWD groups. The LXSWD group received oral administration (25.0 g/kg/day) for six days before model induction. Post-treatment evaluations included skin tissue analyses to verify our network pharmacology predictions. Results: Key active ingredients in LXSWD, such as quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin, were identified alongside central target proteins like TNF and MMPs. Our molecular docking study confirmed the interactions between these ingredients and targets. Analyses through GO and KEGG pathways indicated LXSWD’s role in mitigating inflammation, particularly influencing the TNF and IL-17 pathways. LXSWD treatment in vivo markedly alleviated LL-37-induced symptoms in mice, showing a marked reduction in inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05) and modulation of crucial genes (p < 0.05). These results, supported by immunofluorescence analysis and Western blot, underline the modulatory effects of LXSWD on MMPs, offering significant protection against rosacea’s inflammation alterations (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Integrating network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vivo experiments, this study elucidates LXSWD’s potential mechanisms in rosacea treatment. It offers a novel theoretical framework for its clinical use in managing rosacea.