The intensification of global climate change has made the study of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increasingly important. To gain a deeper understanding of the emission characteristics and driving factors of nitrous oxide (N₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and methane (CH₄) from rubber plantation soils, this study conducted a 16-month continuous observation in a rubber plantation in Danzhou, Hainan, employing the static chamber method for the monthly sampling and measurement of GHG emissions while analyzing the soil’s physical and chemical properties. The results indicated that the N₂O flux exhibited no significant diurnal variation between the dry and rainy seasons, with an average emission rate of 0.03 ± 0.002 mg·m⁻²·h⁻¹. A clear seasonal trend was observed, with higher emissions in summer than in winter, resulting in an annual flux of 3 kg·hm⁻²·a⁻¹ (equivalent to 1.9 kg N·hm⁻²·a⁻¹). N₂O emissions were significantly correlated with soil temperature and moisture, explaining 46% and 40% of the variations, respectively, while soil ammonium nitrogen content also significantly influenced N₂O and CO₂ emissions. The rubber plantation soil acted as a source of N₂O and CO₂ emissions and a sink for CH₂, with lower emissions of N₂O and CO₂ during the daytime compared to nighttime, and higher CH₄ uptake during the daytime. In the dry season, there was a significant positive correlation between N₂O and CO₂ emissions (R² = 0.74, p < 0.001). This study reveals the diurnal and seasonal patterns of GHG emissions from rubber plantation soils in Hainan and their interrelationships, providing a scientific basis for the low-carbon management of rubber plantations and GHG mitigation strategies, thereby contributing to attempts to reduce the impact of rubber cultivation on climate change.

Land surface temperature plays an important role in the water cycle and surface energy balance. Using data collected by a vorticity covariance tower from 2010 to 2022, the relative threshold method and TRM method were employed to study the land–atmosphere exchange of water and the heat flux of rubber forest ecosystems under heatwave and non-heatwave conditions. The results show that the latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, and incoming and outgoing radiation increase from non-heatwave to heatwave conditions. In addition, the multi-year average LST was 6.7 °C higher under HW conditions than under non-HW conditions at the 99% confidence level. Further attribution analysis demonstrates that heatwave-induced land surface temperature change is mainly governed by atmospheric factors rather than by land surface factors. Specifically, radiative forcing shows the largest positive contribution, which is partly offset by the negative contributions of air temperature and relative humidity. In particular, the contributions of radiative forcing, air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure to LST were 14.70 K, −4.76 K, −5.86 K, and −0.04 K, respectively. Moreover, surface resistance contributed to LST by 2.42 K, aerodynamic resistance by −0.23 K, and soil heat flux by −0.91 K.