Background: The two most noteworthy strategies for haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) are posttransplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) with or without thymoglobulin (ATG) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor-primed bone marrow plus peripheral blood stem cells (GIAC). We aimed to compare these approaches in patients with hematological malignancies. Methods: We enrolled 178 patients undergoing haplo-HSCT, including modified GIAC (mGIAC), PTCy without ATG, and PTCy with ATG. Results: The patients in the mGIAC group had the most favorable platelet and neutrophil engraftment kinetics. Although the grade III–IV acute graft-versus-host-disease (GvHD) rates were similar, those receiving mGIAC had a significantly higher extensive chronic GvHD rate. The patients receiving mGIAC had a similar cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) to that in the patients receiving PTCy with ATG, but this was lower than that in the patients receiving PTCy without ATG. The patients receiving mGIAC had the lowest nonrelapse mortality (NRM) and the highest overall survival (OS) rates. The differences in CIR, NRM, and OS remained significant when focusing on patients with low/intermediate-risk diseases before haplo-HSCT. Intriguingly, among patients with high/very-high-risk diseases before haplo-HSCT, no differences were observed in the CIR, NRM, OS, or GvHD/relapse-free survival. Conclusion: the mGIAC approach may yield a better outcome in Taiwanese patients with hematologic malignancies, especially for those with low/intermediate-risk diseases.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause infection and critical diseases in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. This study aimed to explore the cumulative incidence and risk factors for CMV infection and disease among HSCT recipients in Taiwan. This retrospective cohort study using the Taiwan Blood and Marrow Transplantation Registry (TBMTR) included HSCT recipients between 2009 and 2018 in Taiwan. The primary outcome was cumulative incidence of CMV infection or disease at day 100 after HSCT. Secondary outcomes included day 180 cumulative incidence of CMV infection or disease, infection sites, risk factors for CMV infection or disease, survival analysis, and overall survival after CMV infection and disease. There were 4394 HSCT recipients included in the study (2044 auto-HSCT and 2350 allo-HSCT). The cumulative incidence of CMV infection and disease was significantly higher in allo-HSCT than in auto-HSCT patients at day 100 (53.7% vs. 6.0%, P < 0.0001 and 6.1% vs. 0.9%, P < 0.0001). Use of ATG (HR 1.819, p < 0.0001), recipient CMV serostatus positive (HR 2.631, p < 0.0001) and acute GVHD grades ≥ II (HR 1.563, p < 0.0001) were risk factors for CMV infection, while matched donor (HR 0.856, p = 0.0180) and myeloablative conditioning (MAC) (HR 0.674, p < 0.0001) were protective factors. The study revealed a significant disparity in terms of the incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of CMV infection and disease between auto and allo-HSCT patients. These findings underscore the importance of considering these factors in the management of HSCT recipients to improve outcomes related to CMV infections.

Background: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is rarely recommended for unfit patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Patient survival can improve with venetoclax plus azacitidine (VEN plus AZA). However, the long-term outcome of this treatment strategy is still unsatisfactory. The high response and low treatment toxicity rates of patients receiving VEN plus AZA can provide an opportunity for HSCT among unfit patients. Nevertheless, the outcomes and complications of VEN plus AZA, followed by HSCT, remain unclear. Methods: This single-center retrospective study aimed to compare patients with newly diagnosed AML receiving VEN plus AZA as induction therapy (n = 27) to those receiving the conventional I3A7 regimen as induction therapy (n = 34). Result: The 1-year overall survival, relapse, and non-relapse mortality rates in the two groups were similar. The cytogenetic risks and the hematopoietic cell transplantation-specific comorbidity index are the most significant predictive factors of overall survival. Conclusion: In older patients unfit for intensive chemotherapy, a low-intensity regimen with VEN plus AZA is a suitable bridge therapy. Furthermore, allo-HSCT is feasible and can be a curative option.