Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) offer an eco-friendly approach to boost plant growth in soils low or deficient in phosphorus (P). In this study, we isolated 97 PSB strains from the soil around moso bamboo roots in Jiangxi Province, China. The RW37 strain was identified as Enterobacter soli through its physical characteristics and genetic sequencing. Our experiments revealed that RW37 could dissolve phosphate at levels exceeding 400 mg L⁻¹ across a wide range of environmental conditions, including temperature (25–35 °C), pH levels (3.5–7.2), salinities (0–2.0%), and volumes of medium (1/5–3/5 of flask volume), showcasing its adaptability. Furthermore, RW37 showed remarkable phosphate-solubilizing abilities at various pH levels using different phosphate sources, with the highest capacity observed in a medium containing CaHPO₄. This study also found a negative correlation between P-solubilizing capacity and fermentation broth pH, indicating that RW37 likely secretes organic acids to dissolve phosphate sources. Pot experiments demonstrated that applying RW37 significantly improved the plant height, biomass, root growth, and P uptake of moso bamboo seedlings in red soil. Our results highlight the potential of RW37 as an eco-friendly biofertilizer for subtropical bamboo forests.