The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) ranges from 7 to 18% over the world. We aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome in adults. We conducted a cross-sectional study of IBS prevalence and risk factors from March to May 2022 at KRL Hospital Islamabad. 300 people were given Pre-validated Performa's. Our research adheres to the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration. The PSS was used to measures how much stress a person has felt in the past month. The higher the score, the more stressed the person appears to be. A variety of mental health disorders can be evaluated using this method. Data on dietary and lifestyle factors associated with IBS for the last 12 months was also collected from the participants. The majority of patients, 70%, were classed as Grade 1 and 146 (48.66%) reported abdominal pain associated with defecation. 162 (54%) individuals reported high levels of tea consumed, 81 (27%) consumed coffee and 57 (19%) reported carbonated drinks consumed. 139 individuals reported having Vigorous-Intensity activity, out of which 69 (49.64%) spend 60 min of vigorous activity in a day. Screening patients for IBS on a regular basis is critical, especially in the younger demographic. If a patient experiences any symptoms of IBS, they should contact their doctor immediately. Consider the care of patients with chronic gastrointestinal complaints, particularly in women and those at greater risk of developing the illness.

Pancreatic carcinoma is a highly aggressive tumor that usually presents when it has already metastasized. Therapeutic options for cure remain scarce and rely on combination chemotherapy with limited sustainability. Diabetes is considered an important risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer due to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which result in increased cell proliferation. More than half of patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer eventually develop diabetes due to the destruction of insulin-producing cells. The interlinkage of both diseases might identify a possible preventative strategy for reducing the incidence of pancreatic carcinoma. This study reviewed the recent literature on the association between pancreatic cancer risk and SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 RA, DPP-4 inhibitors, and biguanides. There are mixed data regarding the relationship between GLP-1 RA and DPP-4 inhibitors and pancreatic cancer, with some trials suggesting that they might increase the risk. In contrast, studies have mostly revealed that SGLT2 inhibitors have an antiproliferative effect on various tumors, such as liver, pancreatic, prostate, bowel, lung, and breast carcinoma, which might be due to their mechanism of blockage of reabsorption of glucose by cells, lowering the amount of available glucose for the growth of tumor cells. Metformin, the first-line agent for diabetes, has also been shown to be associated with decreasing pancreatic cancer risk and improving prognosis in those who already have the disease. Dedicated trials are needed to further delineate the association of antidiabetic drugs with the risk of pancreatic cancer in the general population, as previous studies have mostly focused on diabetic patients.

Radiology has become a fundamental constituent of the modern medicine. However, it has been observed that medical students in Pakistan often lack sufficient guidance and education in this field. This study aims to establish whether Pakistani medical students possess the requisite basic knowledge required in radiology and their attitude and perception toward radiology as a potential career path. This cross-sectional study conducted a survey among 530 medical students of Pakistan via a self-reported online questionnaire from August 01, 2021 to September 01, 2021. The data collected were analyzed using the SPSS software, along with logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with interest in pursuing radiology as a career and possessing a comprehensive understanding of radiology among medical students. Of the 530 participants, 44.2% rated their understanding of radiology as “poor” with only 17% indicating interest to pursue a career in radiology. Logistic regression model showed significantly higher odds of radiology as a career among males (Crude odds ratio [COR] = 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17–2.72, P = .007), medical students of Punjab (COR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.01–2.40, P = .048), and those, who self-reported their knowledge of radiology as excellent (COR = 14.35, 95% CI = 5.13–40.12, P < .001). In contrast, medical students from Punjab (COR = 0.504, 95% CI = 0.344–0.737, P < .001) and second-year medical students (COR = 0.046, 95% CI = 0.019–0.107, P < .001) had lower odds of good knowledge. Our study suggests that the medical student’s knowledge of radiology is deficient. Thus, it is advised that radiological societies work with medical school boards to integrate thorough and early radiology exposure into the undergraduate curriculum.

Background: Addiction disorders pose significant challenges to public health, necessitating innovative treatments. This assesses deep brain stimulation (DBS) as a potential intervention for addiction disorders. Methods: A literature review was carried out with a focus on the role of DBS in addiction disorders and its future implications in neurosurgical research. Results: The online literature shows that DBS precisely modulates certain brain regions to restore addiction-related neural circuits and promote behavioral control. Conclusion: Preclinical evidence demonstrates DBS’s potential to rebalance neural circuits associated with addiction, and early clinical trials provide encouraging outcomes in enhancing addiction-related outcomes. Ethical considerations, long-term safety, and personalized patient selection require further investigation.

Mucormycosis (likewise called 'Dark Fungus') is a significant uncommon parasitic disease brought about by a gathering of moulds called mucormycetes. They regularly influence the sinuses or the lungs as a result of the inward breath of parasitic spores from the air. These moulds are available all around the year. [1] They can likewise influence the skin following a cut, consumption, or any kind of injury. Possibly, the mind could be in danger additionally because of this sickness. Indications of this illness fluctuate as per the site of development of the sickness and the state of the patient. It could either be rhinocerebral, pneumonic, cutaneous, gastrointestinal or spread and mucormycosis of unprecedented sorts. [1] Cutaneous mucormycosis happens after the parasites enter the body through a physical issue or opening in the skin (for example a cut, mishap, or perhaps a medical procedure). This sort of mucormycosis is found in those patients whose safe framework is as yet not compromised. Individuals who are immunocompromised are more powerless to the aspiratory and gastrointestinal sorts. Even though the actual illness is very uncommon, as per a new article distributed by Dawn News (first July 2021) there has been a disturbing flood in the instances of Mucormycosis inside India. [2] After the United States, India is the country with the most number of affirmed Covid-19 cases with the figures being around 30.4 million. What's more, during this pandemic, the quantity of detailed instances of Mucormycosis has additionally expanded, right now revealed around 40,845 cases. [2] A new report made in December 2020 by Pasero et.al showed that patients with serious intense respiratory condition Covid 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease turned out to be more vulnerable to sharp contaminations like Mucormycosis. [3] This was because of the explanation that SARS-CoV-2 disease may modify the safe arrangement of a person by influencing T lymphocytes, especially the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which may be associated with the obsessive course of Covid-19 contamination. With the quantity of Covid-19 cases in Pakistan on the ascent, with it nearly hitting the 1 million imprint (989,000+ cases), the danger of different complexities like Mucormycosis is becoming unavoidable. In May 2021, there was an occurrence in Karachi where 5 instances of Mucormycosis were accounted for inside Covid-19 patients. [4] Out of the 5, four patients lost their lives because of this disease. ---Continue