In the last few decades, a lot of work has been done on heterocycles, especially the imidazole ring, to obtain a scaffold with potential pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, antidiabetic and others, with lesser side effects. The search for new biologically active imidazoles continues to be an interesting area of investigation in medicinal chemistry. The present paper aims to bring together and discuss the wealth of information on antibacterial profile of imidazoles. So it can be employed for future development to obtain new potent drug molecules.

Imidazoles are one of the most promising and vigorously pursued areas of contemporary antifungal chemotherapy depicting broad spectrum and potent activity. They have relatively simple molecular nucleus, which is amenable to many structural modifications. These agents have several favorable properties such as excellent bioavailability, good tissue penetrability and permeability and a relatively low incidence of adverse and toxic effects. They have been found effective in the treatment of various infectious diseases. This paper is an attempt to review the therapeutic potential of imidazoles as antifungal with an updated account on their development.

Candida albicans is one of the most important causes of life-threating fungal infections. Lanosterol 14α-demethylase (Cytochrome P450DM) is the target enzyme of azole antifungal agents. The study involved selection and modeling of the target enzyme followed by refinement of the model using molecular dynamic simulation. The modeled structure of enzyme was validated using Ramachandran plot and Sequence determination technique. A series of chlorosubstituted imidazole analogues were evaluated for Cytochrome P450 inhibitory activity using molecular docking studies. The imidazole analogues were prepared using Chem sketch and molecular docking was performed using Molergo Virtual Docker program. The docking study indicated that all the imidazole analogues (AN1-AN45) and standard drugs i.e., Ketoconazole, Clotrimazole and Miconazole have interaction with protein residue of 14α-demethylase, Heme cofactor and the water molecules present in the active site.

Burns are large open surgical lesions bathed in virulent pus that result in rupturing of the cutaneous membrane, which has serious consequences such as an extensive loss of proteins, and body fluids, increased chances of infections, and sometimes death. These can be classified based on their penetration levels, i.e., first-degree burns penetrating the epidermis, second-degree burns including both epidermis and dermis, third-degree burns to both layers including the hair follicular cells, sweat glands and various core tissues, fourth-degree burns to adipose tissue, fifth stage burns to muscles, and sixth stage burns to bones. Wound healing/wound repair is a very perplexing process in which the tissues of the affected/burnt area repairs themselves to attain their original form and functionality but develop a scar at the wound site. This article mainly focuses on the algorithms to differentiate various degrees of burns, general first aid approaches to burns and scars, the rationale of treatment of burns, basic mechanisms highlighting the healing processes in humans in terms of free from scar formation as well as with scar formation at their elementary levels including cellular as well as biochemical levels, utility, and progression of pre-clinical data to humans and finally approaches for the improvement of scar formation in man.

The brain is extremely complicated three dimensional structures made up of interconnected neurons and neuroglia cells. It entails all type of functions of our body whether we are healthy or in disease conditions. Brain is accountable for our connectivity with the surroundings; all this is performed by an organized and systemic electrical activity of neurons by which they communicate messages to and from the brain. The abnormal electrical activity leading to the intense outburst of impulses, results in the development of epilepsy. Epilepsy is typified by recurrent, unprovoked seizures as a result excessive, hypersynchronous discharge of neurons occurs in the brain. Nearly 1% of the population throughout the worldwide is suffering from epilepsy and almost 75% begins at childhood. The patients almost one third are resistant to current available antiepileptic drugs. We don’t have the deep knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease which can prove useful in further research for drugs with new mechanisms of action for diseases. This paper covers the role various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Our objective is to introduce the scientists with that aspect of the disease which may prove useful for further development of new drugs of epilepsy to overcome the resistance shown by the patientsorithm.

Background: Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing compounds that are naturally occurring and have a variety of biological activities, including antimicrobial properties. In this study, the authors used a molecular docking approach to evaluate the anti-HIV potential of 64 alkaloids. Methods: The authors used the Molegro Virtual Docker software to dock the alkaloids into the active sites of three HIV enzymes: protease, integrase, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRT). The docking scores were used to assess the potential of the alkaloids to inhibit the enzymes. Results: The results showed the alkaloids to have good potential to inhibit the enzymes. Tubocurarine and reserpine were found to be the most potent alkaloids, with docking scores of -123.776 and - 114.956, respectively. Conclusion: The authors concluded that tubocurarine and reserpine could be further promoted as potential lead molecules for the development of new anti-HIV drugs.