The rise and resurgence of vector-borne diseases (VBDs) in Europe pose an expanding public health challenge, exacerbated by climate change, globalization, and ecological disruptions. Both arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) transmitted by ticks such as Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever and arboviruses transmitted by mosquitoes like dengue, Chikungunya, Zika, and Japanese encephalitis have broadened their distribution due to rising temperatures, changes in rainfall, and increased human mobility. By emphasizing the importance of interconnected human, animal, and environmental health, integrated One Health strategies are crucial in addressing this complex issue. Europe faces increased risk due to the expanding habitats of disease-carrying organisms, the spread of new species like Aedes albopictus since 2013, and increased movement of infected individuals between countries, leading European countries to implement strategies such as enhanced surveillance systems, public awareness campaigns, and prompt outbreak response strategies. However, the lack of both targeted antiviral therapies and vaccines for many arboviruses, together with undetected or asymptomatic cases, hamper containment efforts. Therefore, it is important to have integrated strategies that combine climate modeling, disease surveillance, and public health interventions to address expected changes in disease patterns due to global changes. This review explores the spread of arboviruses in Europe, highlighting their historical context, current transmission dynamics, and their impact on public health.

Background: West Nile virus (WNV) infection is a seasonal arbovirosis with the potential to cause severe neurological disease. Outcomes of the infection from WNV depend on viral factors (e.g., lineage) and host-intrinsic factors (e.g., age, sex, immunocompromising conditions). Immunity is essential to control the infection but may also prove detrimental to the host. Indeed, the persistence of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is associated with the development of blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage. Due to the importance of the inflammatory processes in the development of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND), we reviewed the available literature on the subject. Methods: According to the 2020 updated PRISMA guidelines, all peer-reviewed articles regarding the inflammatory response associated with WNND were included. Results: One hundred and thirty-six articles were included in the data analysis and sorted into three groups (in vitro on-cell cultures, in vivo in animals, and in humans). The main cytokines found to be increased during WNND were IL-6 and TNF-α. We highlighted the generally small quantity and heterogeneity of information about the inflammatory patterns associated with WNND. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to understand the pathogenesis of WNND and to investigate the extent and the way the host inflammatory response either helps in controlling the infection or in worsening the outcomes. This might prove useful both for the development of target therapies and for the development of molecular markers allowing early identification of patients displaying an inflammatory response that puts them at a higher risk of developing neuroinvasive disease and who might thus benefit from early antiviral therapies.

We report an unusual and confirmed case of invasive amebiasis in a non-endemic area where the source of infection remains unknown. During her admission, the patient developed amebic colitis and extraintestinal liver abscess with a favorable outcome following the antiparasitic therapy.