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Due to the recent industrial development and COVID-19 pandemic, people are spending more time indoors. Therefore, indoor air quality is becoming more important for the health of occupants. Indoor fine particles are increased by outdoor air pollution and indoor occupant activities. In particular, smoking, cooking, cleaning, and ventilation are occupant activities that have the largest impact on indoor particle concentrations. In this study, indoor and outdoor particle concentrations were measured in ten apartment houses in South Korea for 24 h. Indoor particle concentrations were measured in the kitchen and living room to evaluate the impact of cooking, one of the most important sources of indoor particles. An occupant survey was also conducted to analyze the influence of occupant activities. It was found that the impact of outdoor particles on indoor particle concentrations in winter was not significant. The largest particle source was cooking. In particular, a large amount of particles was generated by broiling and frying. In addition, cooking-generated particles are rapidly dispersed to the living room, and this was more obvious for small particles. It is expected that this result will be statistically generalized if the particle concentration of more houses is analyzed in the future.
Hyungkeun Kim; Kyungmo Kang; Taeyeon Kim. Effect of Occupant Activity on Indoor Particle Concentrations in Korean Residential Buildings. Sustainability 2020, 12, 9201 .
AMA StyleHyungkeun Kim, Kyungmo Kang, Taeyeon Kim. Effect of Occupant Activity on Indoor Particle Concentrations in Korean Residential Buildings. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (21):9201.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkeun Kim; Kyungmo Kang; Taeyeon Kim. 2020. "Effect of Occupant Activity on Indoor Particle Concentrations in Korean Residential Buildings." Sustainability 12, no. 21: 9201.
Indoor cooking is the main cause of particulate matter (PM) within residential houses along with smoking. Even with the range hood turned on, cooking-generated PM can spread quickly into the living room due to the heat generated by the cookstove. In order to improve the PM spread prevention performance of the range hood, a supply of make-up air is needed. Generally, make-up air is supplied through a linear diffuser between the kitchen and living room. In such cases, it is necessary to determine the appropriate location of the supply diffuser. This study evaluates the spread of PM according to different locations of the supply diffuser, which feeds in make-up air. For this purpose, indoor airflow and PM spread were analyzed through CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation analysis. By changing the location of the supply diffuser from the contaminant source, PM concentration was analyzed in the kitchen and living room of an apartment house in Korea. Based on the results, the optimal installation location was determined. In this study, 1.5 m from the source was the most effective location of make-up air supply to prevent the spread of cooking-generated particles.
Hyungkeun Kim; Kyungmo Kang; Taeyeon Kim. CFD Simulation Analysis on Make-up Air Supply by Distance from Cookstove for Cooking-Generated Particle. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 7799 .
AMA StyleHyungkeun Kim, Kyungmo Kang, Taeyeon Kim. CFD Simulation Analysis on Make-up Air Supply by Distance from Cookstove for Cooking-Generated Particle. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (21):7799.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkeun Kim; Kyungmo Kang; Taeyeon Kim. 2020. "CFD Simulation Analysis on Make-up Air Supply by Distance from Cookstove for Cooking-Generated Particle." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 21: 7799.
For evaluating the thermal comfort of occupants, human factors such as clothing thermal insulation (clo level) and metabolic rate (Met) are one of the important parameters as well as environmental factors such as air temperature (Ta) and humidity. In general, a fixed clo level is commonly used for controlling heating, ventilation, and air conditioning using the thermal comfort index. However, a fixed clo level can lead to errors for estimating the thermal comfort of occupants, because clo levels of occupants can vary with time and by season. The present study assesses a method for predicting the clo level of occupants using a thermoregulation model and an infrared (IR) camera. The Tanabe model and the Fanger model were used as the thermoregulation models, and the predicted performance for high clo level (winter clothing) was compared. The skin and clothing temperatures of eight subjects using a non-contact IR camera were measured in a climate chamber. In addition, the measured values were used for the thermoregulation models to predict the clo levels. As a result, the Tanabe model showed a better performance than the Fanger model for predicting clo levels. In addition, all models tended to predict a clo level higher than the traditional method.
Kyungsoo Lee; Haneul Choi; Hyungkeun Kim; Daeung Danny Kim; Taeyeon Kim. Assessment of a Real-Time Prediction Method for High Clothing Thermal Insulation Using a Thermoregulation Model and an Infrared Camera. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 106 .
AMA StyleKyungsoo Lee, Haneul Choi, Hyungkeun Kim, Daeung Danny Kim, Taeyeon Kim. Assessment of a Real-Time Prediction Method for High Clothing Thermal Insulation Using a Thermoregulation Model and an Infrared Camera. Atmosphere. 2020; 11 (1):106.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKyungsoo Lee; Haneul Choi; Hyungkeun Kim; Daeung Danny Kim; Taeyeon Kim. 2020. "Assessment of a Real-Time Prediction Method for High Clothing Thermal Insulation Using a Thermoregulation Model and an Infrared Camera." Atmosphere 11, no. 1: 106.
The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of cooking-generated particles and to assess the health risk of the occupants. Numerous particulates are released from the kitchen when people are cooking, and diffused to other spaces in house, which would adverse the health of occupants. Sufficient ventilation is needed to decrease the PM2.5 concentration. To analyze the PM2.5 concentration, field measurements were performed on a cooking condition. A case study was performed based on the ventilation type including natural and mechanical ventilation. Three cases were designed: single-sided natural ventilation, cross-ventilation, and mechanical ventilation. The PM2.5 concentration was measured for 30 min, with a cooking time of 16 min. According to the analysis, the PM2.5 concentration increased 3.8 times more than the 24 h standard (50 µg/m3). The PM2.5 concentration in the living room was slightly greater than that in the kitchen. The particulate matter also rapidly diffused to other spaces. Moreover, the health risk increased by up to 30.8% more than in the base scenario. Therefore, additional ventilation strategies are needed to alleviate the diffusion of cooking particles.
Hyungkeun Kim; Kyungmo Kang; Taeyeon Kim. Measurement of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Health Risk Assessment of Cooking-Generated Particles in the Kitchen and Living Rooms of Apartment Houses. Sustainability 2018, 10, 843 .
AMA StyleHyungkeun Kim, Kyungmo Kang, Taeyeon Kim. Measurement of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Health Risk Assessment of Cooking-Generated Particles in the Kitchen and Living Rooms of Apartment Houses. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (3):843.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkeun Kim; Kyungmo Kang; Taeyeon Kim. 2018. "Measurement of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Health Risk Assessment of Cooking-Generated Particles in the Kitchen and Living Rooms of Apartment Houses." Sustainability 10, no. 3: 843.
Two types of methods are used to evaluate pedestrian comfort: pedestrian wind comfort and outdoor thermal comfort. To accurately ascertain the outdoor wind environment, wind speed is the only parameter considered. However, pedestrians may still feel discomfort when the perceived temperature is low, even though the wind comfort criterion has been satisfactorily fulfilled. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to investigate pedestrian comfort when the perceived temperature is low, especially in winter conditions. To achieve this, a pedestrian survey was conducted, and 588 respondents completed a questionnaire. The results show that pedestrians feel discomfort when the WCET (Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature) is low, with almost 40 percent of respondents answering that they feel discomfort in these conditions. In conclusion, the threshold wind speed of the winter season could be determined to be lower than that of the existing comfort criteria by applying the WCET.
Hyungkeun Kim; Kyungsoo Lee; Taeyeon Kim. Investigation of Pedestrian Comfort with Wind Chill during Winter. Sustainability 2018, 10, 274 .
AMA StyleHyungkeun Kim, Kyungsoo Lee, Taeyeon Kim. Investigation of Pedestrian Comfort with Wind Chill during Winter. Sustainability. 2018; 10 (2):274.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHyungkeun Kim; Kyungsoo Lee; Taeyeon Kim. 2018. "Investigation of Pedestrian Comfort with Wind Chill during Winter." Sustainability 10, no. 2: 274.
This study describes the environmental impact of the material production, transportation, and construction phases from the construction site perspective. CO2 emissions for each process were determined using the Korea Life Cycle Inventory Database (LCI DB) in the material production phase, and the actual amounts of oil consumption for transportation equipment were identified in the material transportation phase. Generally, the oil and electric energy consumed during the construction was evaluated by direct monitoring. Through the construction period and cost according to work type, a correlation with CO2 emissions was also investigated. In addition, CO2 emissions were examined through the system capacity and gross floor area for each work type. The calculations have shown that CO2 emissions from the material production phase constitute 93.4% of the total CO2 emissions. In addition, CO2 emissions from the material transportation and on-site construction account for 2.4% and 4.2% of the total CO2 emissions, respectively. This paper concludes that it is important to select appropriate input materials and resources for the reduction of CO2 emissions. Furthermore, the amount of CO2 emissions arising from the construction site was reduced by finding and practicing measures to reduce CO2 emissions for each process.
Min-Seop Seo; Taeyeon Kim; Goopyo Hong; Hyungkeun Kim. On-Site Measurements of CO2 Emissions during the Construction Phase of a Building Complex. Energies 2016, 9, 599 .
AMA StyleMin-Seop Seo, Taeyeon Kim, Goopyo Hong, Hyungkeun Kim. On-Site Measurements of CO2 Emissions during the Construction Phase of a Building Complex. Energies. 2016; 9 (8):599.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMin-Seop Seo; Taeyeon Kim; Goopyo Hong; Hyungkeun Kim. 2016. "On-Site Measurements of CO2 Emissions during the Construction Phase of a Building Complex." Energies 9, no. 8: 599.